Proposed Bullying Study Essay -- Teacher Techniques, Individual Counse

Bullying and victimization in United States schools has just recently begun to be studied(Milsom & Gallo, 2006). Many schools realizing the impact that blusterous has on children ar quick advocate anti- bullyrag programs and punish bullies, however victims of bullies are usally given no e bon motional support. Research on bullying reveals that there are both immediate and future consequences for the targets of bullying (Gottheil and Dubow, 2001). Students are more likely to suffer from academic problems, absenteeism, loneliness and loss of friends especially when the bullying behavior is unvoiced and prolonged (Robert & Coursol, 1996). clawren who are targets of aggression are also more likely to be depressed and develop low self-esteem (Gottheil and Dubow, 2001).There are several(prenominal) important emotional and social areas of concern that should be addressed with victims of bullying which leave behind be the goals of this group. Many bullying victims have lowered self-este em and self-concept this will be the primary focus on this group. Research has shown that building self-esteem in a child is a key factor in bullying prevention (Fried & Fried, 1996). Interventions that are aimed at increasing students self-esteem help students identify and value areas of competence, provide emotional support to students who may mot receive much from home, help children succeed by teaching them real skills that they can use and help them cope by facing their problems (Harter, 1999). Sub-topics that are link up to the teaching of higher self-esteem that will be addressed include the teaching of assertiveness, other social skills and coping skills. Assertiveness training will be done to help students develop confidence in the abilities to respond assertiv... ...n Higher Educaiton. Kaiser, B., & Rasminsky, J. S. (2003). Challenging behavior in young children Understanding, preventing, and responding effectively. Boston Pearson. Milsom, A. & Gallo, L. L. (2006). Bu llying in mall Schools Prevention and Intervention. Middle School Journal, 12-19. Roberts, W. B. Jr., & Coursol, D. H. (1996). Strategies for intervention with childhood and adolescent victims of bullying, teasing, and intimidation in school settings. Elementary School Guidance and Counseling, 30, 204-213.Sullivan, K. (2000). The Anti-Bullying Handbook. New York Oxford University Press.Fried, S. & Fried, S. (1996). Bullies and victims Helping Your Child Survives the Schoolyard Battlefield. New York M. Evans and Company, Inc. Harter, S. (1999). The construction of self. In J.W. Santrock, Life-Span Development. NYMcGraw Hill.

Gender in Mother Courage and Her Children and M. Butterfly Essay

Comparing Gender in Mother Courage and Her Children and M. Butterfly The term gender is commonly apply to refer to the psychological, cultural, and social characteristics that distinguish the sexes (Cook 1). From the idea of gender such notions as gender bias and stereotyping have developed. Stereotypes have lead society to believe that a male or female should appear, act, or in more philosophical terms, be a certain way. What these gender stereotypes are and, whether or not they rattling exist, will be discussed further so that they can be examined in reference to the plays Mother Courage and Her Children and M. Butterfly. In Mother Courage and Her Children motherhood, and what it should be, is challenged as a result of the actions and qualities of the character Mother Courage. M. Butterfly gives us a great depiction of a stereotypic male, and uses the female stereotype against him. Both of these plays invert, modify, and counterbalance glorify the gender stereotypes. Society has females and males alike typecasted into roles which have basic characteristics that are the reverse of each other. Although this has begun to change over the past thirty years, typically the world was seen as superior to the female. This superior image is one that today, is slowly on its way to being reduced to one of complete equality between the cardinal genders. Before the feminist revolution began, the female was traditionally in charge of taking care of the children and household. Her image in life was that of the wife, mother, and nurturing person. Some of the traits that were thought to be uniquely feminine were . . .emotional, sensitive, gentle, quiet, nurturing, interested in personal appearance and beauty, focused upon h... ...ect Woman (1.3.5) in M. Butterfly. The play shatters the illusion of the female ideal. The character Gallimard discovers that it doesnt really exist. However, the sterile male all too real. It is glorified to its absolut e extremes in this play. The one conclusion that can be drawn between these two plays and gender stereotypes, is that stereotypical masculine characteristics are quite genuine. Conversely, those qualities that create the female ideal, are merely a figment of male perceptions. Works Cited Brecht, Bertolt. Mother Courage and Her Children. Worthen 727-751. Cook, Ellen Piel, ed. Women, Relationships, and Power. Virginia American pleader Association, 1993. Hwang, Henry David. M. Butterfly. Worthen 1062-1084. Worthen, W.B. ed. The Harcourt Brace Anthology of Drama. 3rd ed. Toronto Harcourt, 1993.

Nature in the Rastafarian Consciousness Essay -- essays papers

Nature in the Rastafarian Consciousness Living in harmony with the environment and the laws of Nature is genius of the central ideas of Rastafarianism. To live in accordance with the Earth is to live in accordance with Jah it is incorporated into the morality that is Rastafarian consciousness. The Rastas reverence for nature is influenced by the traditionalistic African religions which are still practiced in Jamaica and which squander also influenced Christianity on the island tremendously. Hinduism, too, has influenced many Rastafarian beliefs and practices. Through the Rastafarians calculated rejection of Western cultural norms they have come to realize capitalism and the environmental destruction it has caused as Babylon, a place of destruction and greed. In order to escape thisBabylon systema modus vivendi has been employed that is focused on a correlation between man and nature. This lifestyle is an environmentally sound ideal that others around the World are hardly now begi nning to strive for.The African TraditionIn order to understand the Rastafarian idealism relating to the environment we must first consider the traditions from which it came. In Jamaica, the survival of the African religious tradition can be felt throughout the island. Most clearly this religious tradition is demonstrated by Kumina groups. Kumina is slackly accepted as being West African in origin brought here by the Ashanti. These people above all others were taken for the slave raft because the British regarded them as an especially sturdy and good for labor (Barrett 16,1997.) The Ashanti came to dominate slave, and later, peasant society, especially within the realm of religion. The practice eventually spread throughout the slave World (Barrett 17,19... ...go Press 1986)5) Jacobs, Virginia Lee Roots of Rastafari (San Diego, Slawson Communications, Inc 1985)6) Johnson-Hill, Jack A. I-Sight, The World of Rastafari An Interpretive Sociological Account of Rastafarian Ethics (Metuc hen N.J., The American Theological depository library Ass. And Scarecrow Press, Ink. 1995)7) Morrish, Ivan Jamaica and its Religions (Cambridge, James Clarke and Co. 1982)8) Reddington, Norman Rastafari History, http//lamar.colostate.edu/laingg/rasta.html May 19959) Turner, Terisa Arise Ye Mighty People Gender, Class, and Race in Popular Struggles,The New Society(Trenton, Africa World Press, 1994)10) Witvliet, Theo A slur in the Sun An Introductio to Liberation Theology in the Third World (SCM Press Ltd. 1985)11) Youd, Ital Itations of Jamaica and I Rastafari... the First Itation (Miami, Judah Anbesa Ihntahnahshinch 1987)

Geothermal Energy is the Solution to the Energy Crisis Essay examples -

geothermal Energy A Solution to the Energy Crisis plagiariseSo far, scientists have not found a successful substitute for fossil fuels that can handle both the large demand for energy and cypher the global warming problem. I propose that geothermal energy is a clean, widely available, and renewable alternative to the usage of fossil fuels. In this paper, I testament explain how use of geothermal resources can be energy-efficient, environmentally clean, and cost-effective. I believe that the US government should increase funding for geothermal energy research. This may be the solution to our present energy crisis and global warming.IntroductionThere is a call of action to solve todays energy crisis. What we indispensability urgently is a clean, abundant, and reliable source of energy. Geothermal energy may be the solution. Geothermal energy does not provoke CO2 and is inexpensive compared to the fabulously high gas prices. This type of energy is also renewable so it can continue to feed the growing population of the world. New geothermal facilities can produce electricity for being between 4.5 and 7.3 cents per kilowatt-hour, making it competitive with new conventional fossil fuel-fired power plants. (Union of Concerned Scientists, 2) This shows that if there is more research focused onto this topic, geothermal energy may become the solution to our energy crisis.Current Energy ConsumptionCurrently, the energy consumption has been increasing exponentially. Energy consumption increases by 2% each year causing a doubling in only 35 years. As of 2003, theenergy consumptions in quadrillion BTU (British Thermal Unit= 1055.06 Joules) are northernmost America- 118.3, Europe- 127.4, Asia- 120.2, Middle East- 19.6, Central/South America- 21.9, ... ...y source. 22 Jan. 2007. 27 June 2008 .Moore, Bill. Sustainble Iceland Geothermal Wonderland. 25 July 2008 .Sandoval, Steve. Valles Caldera Geothermal focus of talk Thursday at Laboratorys Bradbury Science Museum. 26 J uly 2008 .Solar4Scholars. Geothermal Energy. 25 July 2008 .Union of Concerned Scientists. How Geothermal Energy Works. 21 July 2008 .World Chancing Team. Hot Rocks for Home Energy. Tools, Models and Ideas for Building a Bright Green Future. 21 July 2008 .

Vivid Use of Imagery in My Father’s Garden, by David Wagoner Essay

In David Wagoners poem, My Fathers Garden, the speaker describes his fathers job as a breeding gardener that his father find very productive but does not finally yield anything of value. Through the use of vivid imagery, we are presented with two secernate outlooks on life. In four stanzas, Wagoners use of imagery and metaphors shows us what he thinks of his fathers job, his education and subsequently, the choices his father has made throughout his life. We are first presented with image of an open hearth which directly sets the tone for the first stanza. The speaker description of his father as a knight in a furnace with where white hot steel (ln, 1) that is pierced by his lance (ln, 2) has a negative connotation. With the use of the words, blazing and molten (ln, 4), the setting is hell-like and ultimately gives us an insight into the speakers impression of his father. However, in the last sentence, the scene drastically changes from a mercilessopen hearth to a calm a scrapyard that is his fathers kind of garden (ln, 6). In the secon...

Vivid Use of Imagery in My Father’s Garden, by David Wagoner Essay

In David Wagoners poem, My Fathers Garden, the speaker describes his conveys job as a fruitful gardener that his gravel find very productive but does not finally yield anything of value. through the purpose of vivid imagery, we are presented with two contrasting outlooks on life. In four stanzas, Wagoners use of imagery and metaphors shows us what he thinks of his fathers job, his education and subsequently, the choices his father has made throughout his life. We are first presented with image of an open hearth which directly sets the tone for the first stanza. The speaker rendering of his father as a knight in a furnace with where white hot steel (ln, 1) that is pierced by his lance (ln, 2) has a negative connotation. With the use of the words, blazing and molten (ln, 4), the setting is hell-like and ultimately gives us an insight into the speakers impression of his father. However, in the last sentence, the scene drastically changes from a atrociousopen hearth to a calm a scrapyard that is his fathers kind of garden (ln, 6). In the secon...

Positive and Negative Reinforcement

Positive and Negative Reinforcement Reinforcement is an essential part in identifying and encouraging a real behavior. In the most classic definition, controlling reinforcement is a method of identifying to clawren which behaviors argon acceptable and appropriate and which are not (Sigler, E. & Aamidor, S, 2005). Reinforcement is often attached as appraise for doing a certain task. As educators, saying great job or a simple word like fantastic are expressed towards students as praise. However, when a student is struggling and praise is given such as you are doing so well, the interdict aspects of praise stand for themselves.The child is aware of the empty praise therefore it may twist against the teacher if it is injectn as a false praise. So, as educators, we must larn what reinforcements will work with each individual child through experimentation. Also, building a relationship with not just the child, only if the parents and all those involved with the child will be in strumental in developing the proper use of reinforcements and can be helpful in gaining k presentlyledge of certain behaviors. The stronger reinforcements for most children are usually food, candy, or drinks.The durability and effectiveness of a reinforcer can usually be determined best by reinforcing the behavior intermittently or by providing a strong alternative which could interfere with the behavior in question (Ferster, C, 1961). Positive reinforcement is not just about the behaviors of the child but the reaction of the teacher and the adults to certain behaviors. Although a child may attempt to test the boundaries of ones attention, positive attention does not make a child behave inappropriately (Sigler & Aamidor, 2005). The reinforcing comes from the teacher or adults actions and words.For example, Joshua is an eight-year-old autistic boy who scrams to whine and cry every single sequence the teacher tries to adopt him to begin a task that he dislikes. Most of the age Jos h only wants to play on the computer, participate in gym, or eat. Each and every time Josh began to break down the staff usually asked him what he wanted or just gave in to what he wanted to do, not even nerve-wracking to redirect him to the actual task at fall in, which his classmates were doing. Joshua would get rewarded with chocolate, potato chips, and even some sympathy hugs from the staff.The behavior became more frequent and the result was the same. By now Joshua knew what he was going to get when he acted out, which was whatever he wanted. However, to change his behavior the staff began to ignore Josh and his outbursts. After a short time of whining and crying Josh threw himself on the floor but the staff still ignored the behavior. He then realized that he was not going to get the same results as he was getting by whining and crying when things didnt go his way. The teacher then got his attention with an different activity and Josh began to take part in the activity.A cou ple weeks later, after the same lesson, Joshs behavior was almost extinguished and slowly that behavior was no longer misadventure in the classroom. On the other hand, negative reinforcement is the removal of an aversive stimulus to increase a certain behavior. For example, when a student is distracted from his work due to loud music playing, however his work improves when the music is off, then the music being turned off is the reinforce. The difference between positive and negative can sometimes be difficult to acknowledge when there are several consequences and the need of the distinction is debated.The main purpose of giving punishments and rewards is to decrease or increase the behavior of the learner (Dad, Ali, Qadeer Janjua, Shazad, and Khan, 2010). Raul is a student with an emotional disorder and requires a great deal of support to help with his academic goals. Raul is extremely warm and becomes very overwhelmed when things dont go his way. He whines, cries, and loses cont rol when he feels exhausted from taking instruction. Raul is very intelligent and needs to get verbal praise throughout his day to stay on task. His triggers are usually when he is asked to sit down within the circle during circle time.The behavior is him pulling away, crying, and hitting, toilsome to escape the actual activity. The maintaining consequence is that the adults let Raul leave the circle. There is not much fight with Raul because all those involved do not want the other students to become distracted. The first prevention is to give Raul some type of choice to coincide with circle time. A visual activity schedule could give him a more clear idea of what he should be doing and what the daily lessons and activities are. Raul will know exactly where he needs to be and what he needs to be doing at that particular time.Also, manipulatives and intermittent praise are other preventions that the teacher can use. Intermittent praise is praised use throughout the activity but not regularly. This type of praise is given to become persistent. The new skills that can be developed are a part of the plan and may be utilise accordingly. Raul may have increased time of engagement, such as a longer duration of sitting within the circle. Raul will say all through with(p) when he has completed a task so praise can be given. This will help the adults notice him if he is not given the reform amount of attention.The responses to Raul for sitting longer will also be all positive praise toward Positive reinforcement is something that rewards the individual for an action taken. When students do or exhibit the correct or desired behaviors in school, then rewarding them for this action is what is known as positive reinforcement. There are many examples for these actions. Students that hand in homework on time may be given time near the end of class to put their books away and work on or do something they want to do within the rules of the school.Putting stickers on work w ell done so the student knows they did the right thing. Giving the class a free day or having fun activities planned for them to do instead of working on a certain day. Giving a weekly or reward to the student who has the best attendance or best behavior in the class. There are many ways to reward students or tell them that by using good behavior, they can be rewarded for their actions and this will cause the student to want to do the right thing versus misbehaving in the classroom.References Dad, H. Ali, R. Qadeer Janjua, M. Shazad, S. Khan, M. (2010). Comparison of the frequency and effectiveness of positive and negative reinforcement practices in schools. Contemporary Issues In Education Research. 3(1), 127-135. Ferster, C. B. (1961). Positive reinforcement and behavioral deficits of autistic children. Child Development. 32(2), 437. Sigler, E Aamidor, S. (2005). From positive reinforcement to positive behaviors an everyday guide for the practioner. Early Childhood Education Journal. 32(4), 249-253.

Organizational culture Essay

Organizational horticulture is defined as the shared values and beliefs inwardly an organization (Wilkes, 2000). The culture also comprises of the norms and beliefs and is and then an in build system at heart an organization (Wilkes, 2000). Thus organizational culture is specific to an organization and it defines the consanguinity and the nature of the interaction between portions of an organization and is influential on the nature of the relationship with outsiders (Wilkes, 2000).The culture is also definitive of the goals that are set for each member of the organization and is seen to go in farm animal with thee vision of the organization. From the clear definition, goals, guidelines or expectations are developed these constitute the norms. The management may try to instill roughly kind of a culture on its employees, this type of culture is thus described as corporate culture and is more specific (Wilkes, 2000). The classification of culture takes on diverse dimensions and therefore the analysis of the effects must also take on the same trend.The following are some of the factors that are utilise in classification of organizational culture ? The expected differences in power levels. ? The extent to which the organizations members are resulting to take risks. ? The level of collectivism or individuality in an organization. ? Gender aspects. ? Orientation, which elicit either be short or long term. Any strategy that an organization comes up with must be within the organizational setting and thus be relevant to the organization culture.A clash between the strategies and the organizational culture will lead to the flop of either program, therefore all organizations must ensure that their development plans are in line with the culture, failure to which the implementation will be a flop. Support for the policies after the analysis of invites, resources and uniqueness, there is an additional factor that must be considered in coming up with a decision s upport. The organizational support to the mode elect is very critical in the determination of the success of the mode of choice in meeting the needs of the organization.This is because it affect how members of the organization receive the decision. Support can be categories into three ? Upper level support ? Like/ Colleague level ? End user support Management The reasons for support by fastness management staff and executives is quite clear. The main reason for their support is the power they posses in the implementation of the plan especially in resource allocation and polity formulation (Woodruff, 2005).Moreover, the obvious nature of the need to influence the top executives often lead to concentration on them and thus ignoring the other members. Organizations must ensure that much(prenominal) occurrence are minimized and if possible eliminated as they can cause failure of well intentioned plans. Colleagues This group is made up of all those that the organization experience t o interact with in their daily undertaking (Woodruff, 2005). The importance of this group lies in counteracting the power that the organizations executives have on the decision making process.The support of the members of the organizations operational surround plays a very important role in influencing the decision. Therefore, enlightening the colleagues on the importance of Automated office systems support will go in line with drumming up support for the implementation of the approach of choice. In addition, enlightening the colleagues to understand the implementation of the plan, which it is meant for and the effect of its implementation on their jobs will go a long way in influencing their support.End Users Even though they have the power to influence the success of a plan, the end user are often ignored in lobbying for support (Woodruff, 2005). The end users have the power to render the plan a failure by deciding not to use the product, which will have the effect of changing the attitude of the colleagues and the management executives on the effectiveness and efficiency of the adopted Automated office systems support acquirement mechanism.Moreover, the sabotage need not be intentional the failure of the system may be due to their lack of understanding of why the product is necessary or as a show of their lack of support of the governance model adopted. Furthermore, the products failure in meeting the needs of the end user could lead to failure and thus the importance of the end user in deciding on whether to buy or build Automated office systems support can never be downplayed.

Health safety and the environment report feyzin

The aim of this project is to describe the incident which took place in Feyzin, south of France, on Tuesday January 4th 1966. This project describes the history of the refinery, a description of the LPG manufacture processes, the accept of the accident, expand of the accident, inquires and safety measures, conclusion and personal recommendations.A focus group for the project was the first approach on look for to explore peoples ideas and attitudes to the accident. at that place were several weekly group meetings excluding the weekly tutor meetings putting forward ideas discussing whether the accident could have been for seen and reasonable measures were in place. separately share of the group was assigned a particular area in which they were to collect information. The required information was ga on that pointd from various highly reliable sources such as a HSE investigation.History And Background Information.Feyzin is situated in the suburbs of Lyon in the southern part of Fra nce. The France national petroleum was located in Feyzin.The refinery at Feyzin had started operating in 1964. The main objective of this processing plant was to produce 1.7 million tonnes a year of LPG (liquefied petroleum accelerator pedal). LPG is a by-product of the di fluidation of oil from crude oil. When the distillation is put under wedge its physical state changes into a liquid. It is in this form that LPG is transported around in cylinder tanks.Because of the relatively short life track of the invest prior to the incident, the cascade of events may be relatively short and that major issues will have risen during both the design and construction of the site. We tail assembly assume now that the plant was between its 1st and 2nd year of operation.LPG is a combination of Propane (Pressure 12 Bar, 37 degrees Celsius) and Butane (Pressure 2.6 Bar, 37 degrees Celsius).The LPG is used as an alternate to petrol.Aarding India Pvt Ltd, 2007The LPG is important because it is w idely used as a glow for vehicles and as cooking gas since its manufacture. They are overly used as Industrial fuel and heating oils which are vital for m any another(prenominal) process plants. Herman F. Mark et al, 1982LPG is employed for starting up solid-fuel and oil-fired boilers supplying turbo generators. It is potential stand by for gas turbine generating equipment run on interruptible gas supplies. Its use for peak-load turbines will be economical to some circumstances. BP trading ltd, 1972Cascade eventsThe causes of the deadly incident which took place at Feyzin in that respect were quite a some reasons reported which were believed to be the causes of the fit.Cause of the leakageThree operators slacked 2-inch valves which were mounted in series at a tin of a 1200m3 propane spherical tank. The valves did non termination at a LPG tank which contained 1200kl propane, which led to the leakage of LPG gas, a major cause of the explosion.For LPG that is Propane gas, when the pressure is lowered to atmospherical one the temp neglects to -40. At this temperature moisture in air is frozen, but also the moisture reacts with LPG forming a solid hydrate. So either the downstream valve did not pixilated tightly because of hydrate formation or the valve handle was stuck by the frozen moisture. This accident was believed to be caused as the upstream valve was not opened full and the pressure at the outlet of the first valve was near the atmospheric pressure, the pressure difference composeded. It is very wrong to operate the valve organization like that. Therefore, the cause of the explosion is either the operators human mistake or a mistake on the management not to inform the proper execution of the operation.Cause of the kindlingThe leaked LPG is presumed to be travelled for a place and spread along the ground. A car driving down a local channel might have sparked the ignition which is maybe due to the drivers cigarette or the car engines hot tempe rature. Note that the layout of the plant was restricted to the landscape a highway was constructed just 50m away from the titanic LPG tanks which exploded during the incident. Moreover in that location was no dkm around the tanks which exploded, when large amount of LPG leaked, the vapour flew along the ground to the highway. The main cause of the ignition is that in that respect was no dike around the LPG tanks and the distance regulation in competent.Secondly, the legs of the spherical tank were made of iron which werent fire proof. Thirdly, is that the distance between the adjacent tanks was re eachy close, The certain distance between the centre of the tanks was just 27m according to the facility information provided. This proves that the adjacent tanks were affected so easily from the explosion of the first tank.EventA BLEVE (Boiling legato Expanding Vapour Explosion) was the disaster that occurred at Feyzin. It is an explosion phenomenon caused by the rapid phase change (vaporization) of a liquid.At 630am three operators started the water course operation of a tank. Two valves were opened in series on the bottom of the study. When the operation was nearly complete, the velocity valve was unlikable and therefore cracked open again. No flow came out of the cracked valve, so it was opened further. The blockage, assumed to be ice or hydrate, cleared and propane gushed out. The operator was unable to close the upper valve and by the cartridge clip he attempted to close the lower valve this was also frozen open. The LPG leak started here because that valve was not closed completely. After a few minutes the operators were covered in propane vapour. The leaking LPG spread in the direction of the highway, with parti bothy vaporizing. The alarm rang in the control room at this time.At around 705am the alarm rang and it is not clear if it rang throughout the Feyzin districts or just the Feyzin refinery. The first fire truck of the factory turned out imm ediately. After this the traffic on the highway next to the refinery was stopped. The fire brigade of Lyon arrived at 720.Just after 730am, a car came and stopped on the local road where the traffic had not been stopped. The explosion apparently occurred after the car had stopped. The fire increased in power, spread along the leaking LPG, and the tank was overcome with flames immediately.By 840am the first tank at the refinery exploded by the BLEVE. The second and third spherical tanks exploded five minutes later. Two more spherical tanks and many oil tanks burned continuously. The next day in the morning the fire was extinguished.As a result of this it was reported that 18-81 persons died and well-nigh 80-130 persons got injured included members of the fire fighting team. The physical damage included five LPG tanks, many atmospheric tanks containing crude oil and jet fuel, and so on. The Feyzin Refinery suffered extensive damage.The LPG tank farm where the sphere was located consis ted of four 1200 m3 propane and four 2000 m3 butane spheres. The fire brigade arrived on site, but were not experienced in dealing in refinery fires, and it get ons they did not attempt to cool the burning sphere. They concentrated their hoses on cooling the remaining spheres. About 90 minutes after the initial leakage, the sphere ruptured, killing the men nearby. A pluck of liquid propane flowed over the compound wall and fragments of the ruptured sphere cut through the legs of the next sphere which toppled over. The relief valve on this tank began to emit liquid.What is believed to have happened on the day of the accident is the upstream valve was not opened fully and the pressure at the outlet of the first valve was near atmospheric pressure, hence the upstream valve was cooled by the pressure difference.It is absolutely prohibited to operate valves in such manner. Therefore, the cause of the accident is either the operators human error or a mistake on management side in not ex plaining the proper operation protocols.Another contributing factor to the accident is that the operator did not close the downstream valve. There is insufficient information available to why this valve was not closed. It is assumed that either ice is generated in the downstream valve like in the upstream valve or a rapid large LPG leak occurred, the operator may have panicked when they could not close the upstream valve and therefore may have not remembered to close the downstream valve. Basically they had to decrease the downstream valve opening when the LPG began to appear in the drain water. Then the valve had to be closed at the end of the drain work. both they forgot to carry out this procedure or they could not close the second valve because it had also become stuck by freezing.1) Valve A is closed2) Valve A cracks open3) Valve A becomes blocked due to freezing4) No flow through valve A5) Valve A is opened6) Ice block in valve A becomes dislodged7) Valve A freezes in open p osition8) Unable to close valve A9) Valve B freezes in open position10) Unable to close valve B11) Pressure sphere facile leaks through open valves12) Fluid level in pressure vessel drops decreasing internal pressure13) Liquid propane begins to boil due to pressure drop14) Pressure in vessel increases due to liberated gaseous propane15) Fluid flow through valves A and B increases due to increase in pressure16) Vessel pressure continues to increase17) Pressure vessel ruptures18) Gaseous propane escapes vesselRecommendations and summary* Geographical location and details* History of Feyzin, including cascade events* Incident timeline and manageable description of why it happened* Geographical effects of the incident* Results of the inquiry and official recommendations* Personal recommendations not covered by the interrogatoryGeographical location and detailsIn order to baffle a better understanding of the scale of the Feyzin incident, it is important to note the location of the si te in regards to the local area in which the site was and still is positioned. This will give an indication to understanding the safety procedures that were in place at the time of the incident and how emergency procedures were carried out at the time.It has proven very difficult to obtain a clear picture of the geographical location either prior to or following the incident of the site and so it will be assumed that the current location of the site, circa 2009, is the same location at the time of the incident. Close examination of this map may also indicate the most likely positioning of the epicentre of the primary detonation.Fig 1. Map of Feyzin Birds eye view 2009Sandwiched between the A7 Expressway to the east of the site and the Le grand large river to the west, on close examination, it appears that some form of storage containers are located just west of the top E15 label in the image. This may give-up the ghost us to assume that the storage containers were in the same locat ion prior to the 1966 incident.On a broader scale it may also be seen that this location is roughly 10 km south of the major city of Lyon. Research suggests that at the time of the incident, the site lacked any serious on site systems in instance of a major crisis, relying more on the local public services to resolve anything arising such as the incident in question.Again on close inspection of the map, it can be seen that the site is placed within a fairly urbanised area. Again we must assume a similar layout at the time of the incident though populations will be quite different from the 1966 incident and the 2009 map. This will assist in understanding the cause of the incident boilers suit and the scale of the overall effect in this area.Apart from just repeating the timeline for the actual incident, it is important to try and understand why the incident took place, outside of the events jumper lead up to and after what happened.The sequence of events surrounding the cracking and freezing of the upper valve, and the subsequent rupture of the pressure vessel need to be understood, in order to get a better understanding of how such a crises may be avoided in the future. These events may only have taken place over a very short time frame but they are essential to understanding the crises.One of the critical questions that should be asked is why following the closure of valve A and the subsequent cracking and freezing up of the valve, was the valve then opened. Thus part withing the ice block to become dislodged and the rest of the above sequence to take place.The reasons for this particular action, in opening valve A may be described in four ways. The first possibility may be a simple case of curiosity. The valve was closed and froze, and so to check that the valve was still properly operational was then opened.The second possibility is that the coiffe procedure for such an event was not properly followed. That the correct procedure would have stated tha t in such an event, the valve should have been kept closed and the problem be properly reported to maintenance. Therefore the valve operator was amenable for the incident that took place.The third possibility is that no official procedure or training had been formulated for such an event. Therefore panic may have ensued resulting in the opening of the valve as a panic decision which can therefore be described as human error.The fourth possibility is that the official procedure was followed properly and that the procedure was critically floored. So the issue of a misunderstanding of such an event or even ignorance of such was present at the time of this crisis.The third possibility seems likely case based on the immediate actions of the individual as he made the decision not to use a phone close to the pressure tank and instead ran approximately 800 meters to the next nearest phone in the fear of causing a detonation of the released vapour cloud. The fourth possibility may also have some bearing in the crisis as prior to this event, the term BLEVE had still not been discovered or at least recorded prior to this.The rest of the sequence should be covered in the full breakdown of the crisis.An important issue to be considered is the overall control displayed by both the emergency and municipal authorities during the crisis. Even though the A7 expressway was closed following the leak, the authorities failed to close the local roads to all traffic, which resulted in a car being within 160 meters of the leaking pressure tank and causing the point of ignition.The failings in the emergency service appear to be more in association with a lack of sufficient training in the order of dealing with industrial crises as it was primarily there to deal with public situations. This resulted in a fatal misunderstanding of how to control such a situation as a leaking pressure tank and resulting fire, due to a lack of prior knowledge which is strengthened in the term BLEVE only being created some 4 to 5 years laterResults of the inquiry and official recommendationsThe official investigation was not fully resolved until 1971 by the Grenoble court case. This may have been due to political reasons or due to the enquiry investigating why the crisis had occurred in the first place. On the principal that such events have happened since the Feyzin disaster, it cannot be assumed that the enquiry was successful in bringing about sufficient change in the safety of pressurised fluid containment.Personal recommendations not covered by the enquiryThe first recommendations are for the design and construction of all current and future proposed plants dealing with pressurised fluid containment. The second recommendations are in association with work practices involved on chemical plants in general.Third valve (reserve)A third valve should be installed for the purpose of maintenance and crisis control. To be kept open at all times so as not to induce superfluous wear and tear on the valve. When maintenance is required to be carried out on the two principal valves, the reserve can be shut to allow for maintenance to be carried out safely. In the event of a crisis similar to that of Feyzin, this valve can be shut as an emergency back up system in minimising fluid leakage from the pressure vessel.Cold pipe dawdleIn order to prevent freezing of any pipes or valves dealing with potentially cold fluids, lagging should be fitted to all appropriate pipe work and fittings in order to minimise any potential freezing of these systems. Systems not dealing with cold fluids must be scrutinised independent of this point.Rubber sealed pressure boxHigh pressure boxes should be installed around all vital valves dealing with pressurised fluids. They should be big complete to allow for ease of functional but not to big as to incur any additional hazard to plant running. They should be designed with an environmental rubberised seal so that if a valve begins to leak, the box can but locked shut with an emergency key. Thus minimising any excessive leakage until the situation can be bought under control. See A third valve (reserve)Deluge system Control box and master switchIf geographically located near to a inhering water source as in the case of the Feyzin site, a deluge system should be installed. It must have pipe work leading to all critical locations around the entirety of the plant. This system must be regularly checked so as to remain in good working order. Each piece of equipment covered by this system must be fitted with a local switch, so in the event of either a leak or a fire, the operator can oxygenise the system in order to prevent escalation of the situation.A central control post should be equipped with a control panel covering all local deluge systems via an override system and also be installed with a master switch that can activate all systems at once. This will allow for the main operator to activate systems in a sequence or all at once should a major sit6uation occur. Communication is vital for this system to work properly, so an emergency phone network should be installed in order to insure proper working of the system. This will only be part of the solution and fire brigades properly trained with dealing with such an event will ensure that the crisis is resolved trenchantly. tip of site before going onlineIt is important that a site should be safe to operate before going online. In the case of Feyzin, the site was still under construction when the accident occurred. Even though construction work may not have been the cause of the incident, neither can the incompletion of the site be assumed to have helped in the scale of the incident itself. So before a plant can go online, all safety systems must be installed.This is not to be confused with site maintenance which is an ongoing process throughout the plants lifetime.Inclusion of full earthworks around siteOnly effective if any vapour or fluid is heavier than atmospheric air. May also be affected by environmental conditions, however if all other systems are overwhelmed, then this system is designed to delay the spread of any possible leak. Earth works should be built around all containment vessels and if possible the entire site. So in case of an emergency, any leaking vapour may be contained within the confines of either the leaking vessel or the plant.Fig. 2 illustration of valves which were major cause of accidentPreventionsTo prevent valves from freezing redundant sampling valves and drain valves are installed in series. In the tank involved in this accident, the double valve was already installed. In the LPG tank, the doubling of the valve is a minimum requirement as in the case of a single valve, there is a strong possibility that the valves main ashes will be cooled, damaging the closing function of the valve by freezing of the moisture in the air. The distance between the two valves must be sufficient to prevent the low temperature of the second valve affecting it. The size of the second valve must be approximately 10mm or less. It is recommended that a distance of 1m or more to be allowed between valve 1 and 2.Counter measures in other facilities around the world* Dike installation LPG spreads along the ground as it is heavier than the air. A dike is effective for prevention the spread of LPG.* As a precaution against the BLEVE phenomenon, the tank wall must be cooled by placing water showering facilities above the tank.* The Tank legs must be fire proofed. If the legs are made from iron they can be damaged by fire.* The distance between tanks is kept to prevent the spread of fires. The minimum distance is generally the diameter of the larger tank, however if possible greater distance between tanks is recommended.* Gas detectors are installed within the facility.ConclusionsThe Feyzin accident was a cause by human error and unsafe conditions. The accident could have been prevented if correct procedures were followed and if the plant was designed with appropriate fail safe systems such as a dike and LPG detectors.This accident lead to a greater understanding of the BLEVE phenomenon and has given future LPG companies the knowledge of its existence which has led to further research into this occurrence.Explosion of LPG tanks cause devastate damage. The companies that store and handle large volumes of LPG must consult with the local government to ensure they can communicate with the local government, inform local inhabitants and relay book of instructions for how to restrict traffic in case of an LPG leak.It has now become clear that the location for which the plant is located must be thoroughly studied, to ensure there is enough distance between the plant and built up areas. Without doubt future companies designing LPG refinery plants can benefit from the findings of this accident report.GlossaryBLEVE Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour ExplosionLPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas

Pentecostal Movement Its Impact Among the Dalits and Tribal in India Essay

I. IntroductionThe prime focus of this paper is to explore the modern pentecostal or charismatic purport and its violations among the Dalits and the tribal in India. In this paper the conferrer will besides try to bring out a brief origins and historical development of pentecostalism, in do to understand the motion and its impact on the Dalits and the tribal in India.1. Etymology of the term pentecostalThe term pentecostal is derived from the Greek word pentekost which liter all in all(a)y means fifty dollar bill. It is the Greek name for the Jewish festival known as the Feast of Weeks in the Old Testament, which celebrates the fiftieth day after Passover observances. The New Testament employ the term to refer to the established Jewish feast. However, since the gift of the sanctified fondness descended upon the disciples on the day of Pentecost (Acts 2), Christians reinterpreted the meaning of it in terms of this event. One of the features of the pentecostals is the doctrine of baptism in the Holy Spirit with the evidence of speechmaking in tongues.2. Who atomic number 18 the Dalits?Dalit is a designation for a group of people traditionally regarded as untouchable. Dalits are a mixed population, consisting of numerous brotherly groups from all over India they speak a variety of languages and practice a multitude of worships. There are m some(prenominal) distinct names proposed for defining this group of people, including Panchamas (fifth varna), and Asprushya (untouchables). Dalits are outcastes falling outside(a) the traditional four-fold caste system consisting of the hereditary Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya, and Shudra classes they are considered impure and bemire and are at that notefore physically and friendlyly excluded and isolated from the rest of society.3. Who are the Tribal?All over India tribal are generally known by the word Adivasi, Pazhanguli, etc., literally meaning indigenous people or original inhabitants of India. It is belie ved that the prehistoric India was inhabited first by the Negritos, later added to by the Australoids and then by the Dravidians andthe Mongoloids. The first of the above four, to wit, the Negritos, entered India as early as the 4th millennium B.C. 1. The Negritos, s work exist in Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Andaman and Nicobar, 2. Australoids represented by the linguistically Austro-Asiatic Kolarian speaking, viz. Mundas and Kharais and Santals, and the Indo Aryan speaking non-Aryan Bhil family, 3. Mongoloids of the Sino Tibetan language family of the whole of north-eastern India, and 4. The Dravidians are the Dravidi speaking race represented now in the entire southern India population and in Madhya Pradesh by the large tribes of Gonds and Khonds, the Kuis in Orissa and the Oraon and Maler in Bihar. Almost the entire tribal population of India is non-Aryan by race and religion.4. Origin of PentecostalismThe modern Pentecostalism run was started by a charismatic revival as early as 19 01 in Topeka, Kansa. However, April 1906 is generally credited as the beginning leave for the modern Pentecostal Movement. On that date at the Azusa Street in Los Angeles, there occurred an outbreak of speaking in tongues. Charles Fox Parham and William J. Seymour, a white and a black respectively were monumental figures in Pentecostalism around whom the Azusa Street revival evolved. Parham and Seymour developed the doctrine that speaking in tongues was the evidence of the baptism in the Spirit. Most of the scholars credited Charles Fox Parham as the founder of the Pentecostal Movement, the founder of the Bethel Bible College at Topeka in Kansas City. He encouraged his students to discover the biblical teachings on baptism of the Holy Spirit and the exercise of the spiritual gifts. On January 1, 1901, Miss. Agnes Ozman re asked Pastor Parham to lay hands on her and pray for her and after the prayer she spoke in a Chinese language.The Pentecostal fire see by Agnes Ozman and other s tudents at Charles Parhamns Bethel Bible College at Topeka, Kansa was just the beginning of a worldwide movement that airing like wild fire. Although there were some contemporary revivals of a similar nature taking place in other countries, most of the world-wide spread of Pentecostalism can be traced directly or indirectly to Asuza Street. After the Azusa Street revival on April 1906, Azusa Street soon became the Mecca for thousands of visitors around the world. The people who visited this place went back to their homelands spread this newexperience and spread the Pentecostalism to other parts of the world and formed Pentecostal performes. From the Azusa Street revival in Los Angeles, Pentecostalism spread rapidly around the world and began its advance toward becoming a major force in Christendom.5. Pentecostalism Movement in IndiaWe have observed the modern Pentecostal movement in the twentieth century that sparked out of the revivals that took place at Azusa Street, Los Angeles , which spread rapidly to the ends of the earth. Most of the scholars traced back the origin of Pentecostalism to the Azusa Street revival in 1906. However, it is not yet firmly established as to when the Pentecostalism started in India because prior to the coming of Pentecostal foreign missionaries in the twentieth century there were Pentecostal like events in the business relationship of Christianity in India. According to Gary McGee, the eminent historian of Assemblies of immortal, Pentecostalism had already established itself in India long beforehand word of Azusa reached the subcontinent. He validated by showing the documentary evidence that Pentecost, with all the associated phenomena, came to Tirunelveli and Travancore (South India) long before the Azusa revival. The authorityful revival was witnessed in the second half of the 19th century in the fol first-class honours degreeing old age first in 1860, second in 1873 and thirdly in 1895. People experienced the outpouri ng of the Holy Spirit and speaking in tongues in all these revivals though the recipients did not know that they were experiencing Pentecostal power as taught in the book of Acts.Another incident was witnessed in 1906 at Pandita Ramabais Mukti Mission in Maharashtra, in which young women baptized by the Spirit had seen visions, fallen into trances and spoken in tongues, began before the Azusa Street revival, there is no indication that this was precipitated by events in Los Angeles. According to various authorities as express by Roger E. Hedlund, Pentecostalism in India has its roots in Maharashtra at the Ramabai Mukti Mission. The Mukti Mission revival was understood by Ramabai herself to be the means by which the Holy Spirit was creating an free Indian Christianity. However this does not mean that the Azusa revival had no impact on Indian Pentecostalism. The Western missionaries who are the products of the Azusa revival came to India and spread the Pentecostal subject to certai n parts of India and gave birth to the classicalPentecostalism in India. The first Pentecostal missi integrityr who came to India in 1907 at Calcutta was A.G Gar who represents Azusa Street. There were besides other missionaries likes doubting Thomas Barrett, George Berg, Robert F. Cook and Mrs. Mary Chapman who was the first Assemblies Missionary to India who came to Madras (Chennai) in 1915.6. History of Dalits in the Pentecostal performIn India Christianity has been in existence two thousand years in the south-western and South-eastern corner of India. However, Pentecostalism in India began only at the dawn of the 20th century. George Berg, an American Pentecostal missionary of German descent, was the first to introduced modern Pentecostal movement in Kerala in 1909. George Berg brought number of other Pentecostal missionaries in Kerala he brought Robert Cook in the year 1914, Mary Chapman in 1916, John burgess in 1926, and Miss Mildred C. Ginn in 1930. Among all these mission aries, Robert Cook was known as the Missionary to Dalits because his main concentration was among the Dalits. From the very inception of the Pentecostal church in the central Kerala both the communities of Syrian and Dalits were attracted and they co-existed together in the church. At the beginning the Syrian Christians has no problem in identifying with the Dalit Pentecostals because they are also from the very low socio-economic background.Dalits on the other hand wanted to escape from caste discrimination, and continues assay for liberation from all aspects of bread and preciselyter, joined the Pentecostal movement which appeared to them non-structured, non-liturgical emotional Christian movement in the beginning. However, from the third decade of the century denominationalism came out among the Pentecostals and the peaceful co-existence began to change. The number of the Syrian Christians started to denied the rights and privileges of the Dalits especially in church administr ation and lead. They were also discriminated by the uppercaste Christian within the churches because of their economical and social status. Thus Dalits felt alienated in the Church. This development has cause caste division between the Syrians and the Dalits Christians within the Pentecostal churches. As a result there was a split between the Syrian and the Dalits in 1930 under the leadership of Robert F. Cook and K.E. Abraham respectively.7. Reasons for Dalits Embracing PentecostalismOn the origination of being labelled Untouchables or Outcasts, Dalits have suffered extreme forms of disadvantage and oppression for centuries. They were in continuous search for their liberation from all aspects of animateness and their identity. It was in the 20th century the modern Pentecostal movement with its message of oneness, equivalence, fellowship, dignity for all races and castes and other several related subjects reached India. The Dalits found the movement benevolent to their aspirati ons in life and began responding to the movement. One of the reasons for Dalits embracing the Pentecostal movement is that they saw several factors common to their pre-Christian subtlety and lifestyle, which facilitated their entry into the movement. They were able to see some continuity with many of their pre-Christian culture and practices. This aspect of continuity and discontinuity is not only among the Dalits exclusively even among the tribal of northeastwardeast India. Another main reason is the discrimination to the Dalits by the mainline churches basing on their caste origin. Though they became part of the church, they did not share equal status in the mainline Churches. This discrimination encouraged a better spiritual cash machine where they can have better opportunities. There are many other reasons for Dalit inclination to the new faith, the above given are just some of the prefatorial reasons for better understanding of the topic.8. Tribal and the Pentecostal Movem entIt was only in the later part of 18th century Northeastern voice came under the see of the gospel which has brought a tremendous transformation in the region. One of the enceinteest transformations is stopping the barbaric practice of head hunting especially among the Mizos and the Nagas. When Christianity came in the region Khasis tribe was the first to embraced Christianity among the tribal. According to Dr. J. Edwin Orr, the first revival experienced took place in the Khasi Hills in the 1903. From Khasi Hills the wave of revival spread to other regions in the North East. In the year 1905 the church Mawphlang in Khasi Hills of central Assam, people experienced an unusual fervour manifested by intense prayer, weeping, praise, confession of sin, prophecies, dancing etc. same things was happened at Pariong, Nowgong, North Lakhimpur, Golaghat, Sibsagor, NagaHills and several other places. The tribal people of North East India has felt the impact of Pentecostal or charismatic mo vement during the 20th century. This movement has both positive and negatively charged impacts. In Meghalaya the Pentecostal movement has brought change and new congregational life. This movement give the church a missionary zeal, a new vision for missionary outreach resulting in new churches and outreach into six other states as well as outside India. Leadership development and outreach move to join on among the Garos and into Haryana, Punjab and Mumbai.However, this movement also brought division which led to the formation of new denominations. In Mizoram the Pentecostal movement has undischargedly impacted on the development of leadership and the formation of mission societies among the Baptist and the Presbyterian churches, which also led to the emergence of a large number of indigenous Christian movements. today Mizoram is the main centre for the rise of individual Pentecostal charismatic groups in North East India. In the late 1950s out of much suffering and adverse poli tical circumstances till the early 1980s, there was a revival which swap across Nagaland thousands of people turn to Christ as Lord and Saviour. The zeal for the Lord and missions grew among the people which keep through this day. Today over whelming majority of Nagas are Christians consisting of all denominations. The main independent model, growing out of the revival movement is the Nagaland Christian Revival Church founded in 1962. In Manipur United Pentecostal Church was introduced in 1953 as the result of Pentecostal movement. Assam and Arunachal Pradesh are recently growing. As result of revival movement in Nagaland, Manipur and Mizoram, major Pentecostal denominations include the Assemblies of matinee idol and the United Pentecostal Church are said to be increasing, apart from the indigenous Christian groups. Today in North-eastern part of India we have several Pentecostal or charismatic Churches who are characterized by speaking in tongues, prophesying, healing, and other spiritual gifts.9. The Impact of neo Pentecostal/charismatic MovementThe Pentecostal message of oneness and equality has attracted many followers especially people from the marginalised group. The Dalits and the tribal in their long search for justice, equality, freedom and status in the society found the Pentecostal movement appealing to them and they responded to it.This Pentecostal or charismatic movement has made a great impact and spread across various denominations in India.9.1. Social Impact The Pentecostal movement has brought a great transformation in the lives of the individuals and families in the communities not only spiritually but socio-economically as well. The Pentecostal teaching of oneness in the body of Christ made the untouchables become the children of the Kingdom of God. To some extend this teaching has alleviated caste discrimination. Social evils like alcoholism, slavery, casteism were not tolerated in the church. Pentecostal movement has awakened the self a mong the Dalits and the tribal which shook the very foundations of the caste-based social structure especially in Kerala. They began to gain self-respect, identity and dignity. This movement also has largely influence some of the largest Pentecostal churches in Bangalore, Chennai, Kolkata and Mumbai to actively prosecute in various social programs for the benefits of the poor and the Marginalized. In Madhya Pradesh the Indigenous Pentecostal-Charismatic mission agencies like Blessing Youth Mission, India Evangelical Team, Native Missionary Movement, along with others are engaged in a number of translation, literacy, medical, evangelistic and community development projects as part of their ministry of social and spiritual service in this state.9.2. Ecclesiastical Freedom Pentecostal movement is mark by strong congregational ecclesiology. This movement gained a principle of ecclesiastical freedom, which maximizes the role of the local congregational. A movement of the Spirit not con trolled by ecclesiastical structures or hierarchy. Pentecostalism promotes corporate and individual discipline and spiritual autonomy among the Dalits and the tribal. As a result of this movement every members of the Dalits Pentecostal churches are allow to fully participate in all activities of the church like prayer, reflections, singing and decision making. Their participations are not based on physical qualifications but on the basis of their experience of the Holy Spirit in their lives. Dalits worship is the expression of real democracy and equality. There is no social discrimination among the worshippers they all come together as one family in Christ. In Dalit Pentecostalism salvationis essentially the same for men and women.9.3. Spirituality The outpouring of the Holy Spirit, variously called revival, renewal, Pentecostal and charismatic movement, always produced a sense of sin and ones unworthiness especially before God, a fresh realisation of sin forgiven, a fresh outburst of love for God and humanity, afresh burden to share God and his gospel to others, a new release of divine power manifested in prayers, praise, spiritual power encounters and healing. Pentecostal movement help the Dalits and the tribal to personally encounter with the Spirit of God and experienced its transformational power in their lives.9.4. Emergence of Dalit morality According to V.V. Thomas, Pentecostalism has provided the Dalits with an experience of God in their everyday life. They experienced God through healing, financial blessings etc. They do not have any guardedly written dogmas and theology but they narrate their experiences of God which give them a lot of satisfaction. In Dalit Pentecostal church they testify, pray spontaneously, and preach without written manuscripts but with a lot of theology in it which relates their everyday lives of the people, struggles, agonies, and burdens. It is said that some of the best preachers in the Pentecostal Movement in Kerala have come from the Dalit background. The Dalits Pentecostal formulated their theology through narrative form. The Dalits prefer a narrative expression of their theology and witness.9.5. Mission One of the greatest impacts of early Pentecostal revivals in India, as in most parts of the globe, was its missionary passion. The Pentecostal spirit took its people beyond their boundaries. The missionary waves from various revivals like Mukti, Kerala, and, others impelled the people to be witnesses of the Pentecostal message in many parts of India. Pentecostal has influence the Dalits in the area of mission, one of the chief reasons for Pentecostal growth is its strong speech pattern on mission and evangelism. Even in tribal region in Northeast the charismatic movement has resulted in remarkable church growth in many places. Part of the Pentecostal expansion in Kerala is due to outreach ministries to tribal and otherdeprived population. Pentecostals have established many churches among hill tri bes and estate labourers in remote areas where they have found abundant response. In South Indian Pentecostals became involved in educational and community development programmes along with the expansion of evangelistic and church-planting activities. The missionaries from south India play a vital role in making Pentecostalism a movement in Rajasthan which became a predominantly tribal religion in the state as more tribal people became involved in the movement.10. EvaluationPentecostalism has been described as one of the fastest growing global religion of the 20th century. Indian Pentecostals understand the manifestations of the Holy Spirit as a transforming and an empowering experience. Being filled with the Holy Spirit enables people to do extraordinary things other than impossible. Pentecostals believe that living in the life of the Spirit can lead to deliverances from all types of oppressions even physical healing. The Holy Spirit is seen as encompassing all of lifes experiences and afflictions. Through Pentecostalism Dalits expressed their opposition to the caste system in Hinduism as well as to the caste based hierarchy of the Church. This is one reason I find that people of different faith traditions to join in the Pentecostal movement on a basis of millennial equality because they just wanted to become people with full dignity before God. Pentecostal therefore became a sanctuary for people who were seeking better social status. Dalits and tribal has a long history on struggle for freedom from various domains. They go through discrimination, inequality, injustice and oppression from the high caste and also from within the church. It was in this context the modern Pentecostal movement message of oneness, equality, dignity regardless of castes and races reached India. The Dalits whose situations are worse than the tribal found this movement appealing to their aspiration in life began to respond to the movement.By 20th century the Dalit actively take part in the Pentecostal movement which has its great impact upon them. This movement has arose the self-awareness within the community and they became conscious of their social identity and they responded to the movement. The Dalit-led congregations tend to emphasize emotionalism, spontaneity, and thepriesthood of all believers, and to conceive salvation in collective terms and as the overcoming of worldly oppression. The Dalits and tribal are the weaker ones in the society and in many ways they have been subjugated and discriminated by the high caste people and their history of struggle still continue. However, the tribal have better status and position than Dalits in the society. Dalits embraced Pentecostal movement mostly with the hope of physical aspect of liberation, whereas, the tribal mostly on the aspect of spiritual liberation. Though Pentecostal movement has made a great plowshare towards the Dalits and tribal Pentecostal, there are also some areas where this movement has its negative impacts upon the Dalits and tribal. Especially in tribal region in the North east the coming of the Pentecostal movement has divided the church into denominations which has become one of the biggest hindrances to the non-Christians to accept Christ.In the present generation many of the charismatic churches has lots of nominalism. There are instances where their charismatic activity has become a hindrance to others because there are some people who pretend to speak tongues and prophesies which is not from the Spirit but from their own heart. These things are creating confusions and doubts in the working of the Holy Spirit. There are also some people who carry two different personalities in them, inside the church they are different person and outside the church another different person. When we reflect to the beginning of the Pentecostal movement, the early believers received the gifts of the Holy Spirit and they were moved by the Spirit. But today speaking of tongue, using of symbols like Hallelujah or Praise the Lord are becoming a mere traditional in the charismatic churches. These are some of the negative impacts rising in the charismatic churches which are dangerous for our churches. Pentecostal churches needs to be biblically grounded and go back to the earlier emphasis on purity of life and transparency in ones relationship with God and with one another. The central focus should be on God and not in any other else.II. ConclusionRevival in the Christian community has paved way for the emergence of Pentecostal movement in India. This movement has a great impact to the Dalits and the Tribal. However, as to my observation very few documentationor research work has been done on the Pentecostal movement in India. In fact among the tribal we hardly have any research works on Pentecostalism especially in North East India. Therefore, with the limited source the presenter has tried to bring to our understanding of modern Pentecostal movement and its impac t among the Dalits and the Tribal of India in this paper. To sum up the paper Pentecostal movement aims to achieve human dignity, respect, equality, and for more freedom both in social and spiritual aspects. In spite of the progress and the changes resulted by the Pentecostal movement, the Dalits and the tribal struggle and quest for further freedom still continue in India. 1 . The terms Pentecostal and Charismatic are used interchangeably with the same meaning. 2 . J.C. Rylaarsdam, Pentecost in The Interpreters Dictionary of the Bible An Illustrated Encyclopedia. Edited by. George Arthur Buttrick, et.al. (New York, Nashville Abingdon Press, 1962), 727. 3 . https//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalit, accessed on 01/07/2013. 4 . http//www.ncdhr.org.in/ncdhr/general-info-misc-pages/wadwiu, accessed on 22/07/2013. 5 . Ebe Sunder Raj, Conversion- A depicted object Debate (Horizon Printers and Publishers Delhi, 2004), 127. 6 . Ebe Sunder Raj, Conversion- A National Debate, 75. 7 . V.V. Th omas, Pentecostalism in the Post Modern Era Potentials/Possibilities, Problems and Challenges. Paper presentation as part of the destiny for promotion to full Professorship (Pune Union Biblical Seminary, 2013), Unpublished Material, 3. 8 . http//www.yoyomaster.com/ministry.file/Pentecostalism.pdf, accessed on 23/07/2013. 9 . Cheryl Bridges Johns, Pentecostal Formation A pedagogy Among the Oppressed (Sheffield Sheffeild Academic Press, 1998), 37. 10 . Nancy A. Hardesty, Faith Cure Divine Healing in the holiness and Pentecostal Movement (Peabody, Massachusetts Hendrickson Publishers, Inc., 2003), 103. 11 . A.C. George, Trailblazers for God A History of the Assemblies of God of India (Bangalore SABC Publications, 2004), 29. 12 .The Pentecostal and Charismatic Movement, by. Robert J. Koester, in http//www.wlsessays.net/files/KoesterPentecostal.pdf. Accessed on 23/07/2013. 13 . V.V. Thomas, Dalit Pentecostalism Spirituality of the appoint Poor (Bangalore Asian avocation Corporat ion, 2008), 56. 14 . Roger E. Hedlund, eds. Missiology for the 21st Century South Asian Perspectives (Delhi ISPCK/MIIS, 2004), 138. 15 . Roger E. Hedlund eds. Missiology for the 21st Century South Asian Perspectives, 208. 16 . A.C. George, Trailblazers for God A History of the Assemblies of God of India, 29. 17 . A.C. George, Trailblazers for God A History of the Assemblies of God of India, 30. 18 . A.C. George, Trailblazers for God A History of the Assemblies of God of India, 34. 19 . Allan Anderson, eds. Asian and Pentecostal The Charismatic baptistry of Christianity in Asia (Philippines Regnun Books International, 2005), 215. 20 . V.V. Thomas, Pentecostalism in the Post Modern Era Potentials/Possibilities, Problems and Challenges, 4. 21 . A.C. George, Trailblazers for God A History of the Assemblies of God of India, 25. 22 . V.V. Thomas, Dalit Pentecostalism Spirituality of the Empowered, 5. 23 . T. S. Samuel Kutty, The tail and contribution of Dalits in Selected Pent ecostal Churches in Central Kerala from 1922-1972 (Delhi ISPCK, 2000), 1. 24 . T. S. Samuel Kutty, The Place and contribution of Dalits in Selected Pentecostal Churches in Central Kerala from 1922-1972, 1-2. 25 . T. S. Samuel Kutty, The Place and contribution of Dalits in Selected Pentecostal Churches in Central Kerala from 1922-1972, 2. 26 . T. S. Samuel Kutty, The Place and contribution of Dalits in Selected Pentecostal Churches in Central Kerala from 1922-1972, 2. 27 . V.V. Thomas, Dalit Pentecostalism Spirituality of the Empowered Poor, 133. 28 . V.V. Thomas, Dalit Pentecostalism Spirituality of the Empowered Poor, 2-3. 29 . V.V. Thomas, Dalit Pentecostalism Spirituality of the Empowered Poor, 11. 30 . Geomon K. George, Religious Pluralism Challenges for Pentecostalism in India (Bangalore Centre for Contemporary Christianity, 2006), 170. 31 . A.C. George, Trailblazers for God A History of the Assemblies of God of India, 155. 32 . F. Hrangkhuma & Joy Thomas, eds. Christ Among the Tribals (Bangalore FOIM, 2007), 15. 33 . A.C. George, Trailblazers for God A History of the Assemblies of God of India, 155. 34 . Allan Anderson, eds. Asian and Pentecostal The Charismatic instance of Christianity in Asia, 234. 35 . Allan Anderson, eds.Asian and Pentecostal The Charismatic Face of Christianity in Asia, 235. 36 . Documentary of History & Background of the Nagaland Baptist Church Council, NBCC. Produced by. NBCC during Platinium 1937-2012. 37 . Allan Anderson, eds. Asian and Pentecostal The Charismatic Face of Christianity in Asia, 237. 38 . Allan Anderson, eds. Asian and Pentecostal The Charismatic Face of Christianity in Asia, 237. 39 . Roger E. Hedlund, ed. Christianity is Indian The Emergence of an Indigenous Community (Delhi ISPCK, 2000), 379. 40 . V.V. Thomas, Dalit Pentecostalism Spirituality of the Empowered Poor, 116. 41 . Roger E. Hedlund eds. Missiology for the 21st Century South Asian Perspectives, 138. 42 . Allan Anderson, eds. Asian and Pentecostal The Charismatic Face of Christianity in Asia, 229. 43 . Critique of Pentecostal mission by a friendly evangelical by Roger E, Hedlund, http//www.apts.edu/aeimages/ read/AJPS_PDF/05-1-RHedlund.pdf, accessed on 14/08/2013. 44 . V.V. Thomas, Dalit Pentecostalism Spirituality of the Empowered Poor, 376. 45 . V.V. Thomas, Dalit Pentecostalism Spirituality of the Empowered Poor, 379. 46 . F Hrangkhuma, Future Challenges and Changes in Mission, in UBS Journal. Vol.2. No.2. September 2004. P. 59. 47 . V.V. Thomas, Dalit Pentecostalism Spirituality of the Empowered Poor, 378. 48 . V.V. Thomas, Dalit Pentecostalism Spirituality of the Empowered Poor, 375. 49 . http//www.apts.edu/aeimages//File/AJPS_PDF/09_-_2_Wessly_Lukose.pdf, accessed on 14/08/2013. 50 . A.C. George, Trailblazers for God A History of the Assemblies of God of India, 153. 51 . Roger E. Hedlund, Quest for Identity, Indias Churches of Indigenous Origin The Little Tradition in India Christianity (MIIS/IS PCK Delhi, 2000), 82. 52 . http//www.apts.edu/aeimages//File/AJPS_PDF/09_-_2_Wessly_Lukose.pdf, accessed on 15/08/2013.

Indus Water Treaty of 1960

INDUS WATER TREATY OF 1960 by William H. Thompson February 2013 The Indus Water Treaty (IWT) of 1960 is an example of a mutually beneficial difference of opinion or, as Kriesberg and Dayton would define it, a constructive conflict. Born of the dissolution of the British Crown Colony of India in 1947, the treaty recognized the mutual needs of India and Pakistan, and the urgency of ensuring continuing access to the pissing systems of the Indus River System for both nations.Although the treaty has survived both and a half wars and frequent military mobilizations as vigorous as a nuclear arms race, occurrent moves by both Pakistan and India regarding dispute mediation threaten to dissolve the treaty. Differences in rendering, Pakistani mismanagement of its own urine resources and the current question of the view of Kashmir each threaten the proceed observance of the treaty. Neither nation can afford the loss of this treaty. For each nation this treaty has been a source of on- going diplomatic transaction, requiring annual meetings and open verification of water projects at bottom the coered regions.It has been used to address non-water issues and to placate each other in times of crisis. It has also secured that water continues to f suffering between the two, in spite of the strategical advantage that India could gain by stopping that flow. This paper will line some of the dangers going the future of the IWT. It will address the interpretation of treaty clauses by neutral parties and how that has resulted in diplomatic escalation by Pakistan. It will address the very(prenominal) real anxiety for Pakistan that India has the superior strategic position with regard to tone down of the Indus System.It will also highlight the inadequate water root deep down Pakistan and the affect that this has on the ability of India to complete its own water projects. The paper will describe certain indicators of the health of the treaty. Finally, it will outline two scenarios for the future of the IWT and the in all probability outcome of each. The goal of addressing these issues is to stress the importance of this treaty all over national concerns for interpret of water and how the mutual bidding of the Indus system is the best solution for both nations.Before exploring the continued existence of the Water Treaty of 1960, and the likelyly far reaching effectuate of its nullification, it is necessary to provide a brief history of the Indo-Pakistani conflict, especially as it relates to the Kashmiri region and control of the Indus River System. When the British Parliament passed the Indian Independence Act of 1947, its primary concern was achieving a speedy settlement of the partition sort of than the stability of the resulting entities.Sir Cyril Radcliffe, the English barrister charged with partitioning the Indian colony into two separate entities, arrived in New Delhi on 8 July 1947 to learn that the date of liberty for both newly formed nations of India and Pakistan had already been set for 15 August of that same year. The rules for the partition of India and Pakistan, established in negotiations between the British representative passkey Mountbatten, the Indian National Congress representative Jawaharlal Nehru and the Muslim League representative Muhammed Ali Jennah, focused the division along sacred lines.In certain res publicas with no clear religious majority, most notably those bordering Punjab and Bengal, the citizens of the province were to be given the opportunity to vote over which country to join. Independent princedoms, such as Kashmir, were given the option of connective with either state, but were encouraged to hold a plebiscite if the desires of the people were in doubt. The resulting boundaries would have three far-reaching results.First, the sudden change in citizenship (from nominally British to Pakistani or Indian respectively) resulted in bloodshed and mass-exodus as Muslims moved fro m India to Pakistan and Hindus moved to India from Pakistan, as well as an around instantaneous nationalism within both nations. Second, when establishing borders between the states it did so with little regard to natural boundaries, such as rivers, and little thought to allocation of the infrastructure and resources now sh ard by the two states.What had been created by one central government, such as irrigation systems, canals, and dams, was now controlled by two with no standing match over how they should be shared. Finally, in give the rulers of independent princedoms the right to choose which country to join, the prince was expected to abide by the wishes of his subjects in the case of Kashmir, the prince made his own choice. Common sense should have compulsive that the province becomes the northerlymost province of Pakistan Its people were predominantly Muslim and it controlled the flow of the Indus River into Pakistan.Kashmir as a province of Pakistan was belike the visi on of the British, Muslim and Hindu negotiators of the partition. Unfortunately, the status of the various princedoms, including Kashmir, was left to each ruling prince. Although not alone in originating the Indo-Pakistani conflicts, the decision of Hari Singh, the Maharaja of Kashmir, to join India rather than Pakistan has played a vital spot in exacerbating them. One oddity of the partition of the former British colony is the Standstill Agreement.This agreement stated that the flow of the Indus between East and tungsten Punjab (India and Pakistan) would remain at the same level from the date of partition until 31 March, 1948 and that Pakistan would pay a set fee for the water that flowed. As Pakistani forces pass the border of Jammu and Kashmir to protect Muslims and Indian forces were airlifted into Kashmir to defend Indias territorial boundaries, the dams, canals and barrages along Indus tributaries continued to operate and adjust flows to ensure that water reached the fields of Pakistan.And, as these things occurred, Pakistan continued to pay its water fee to India. However, on 01 April, 1948, with the agreement ending and no new agreement in place, the flow of water stopped. Although India and Pakistan would agree to a resumption of water deliveries, two precedents had been set Pakistan recognized that it was in an untenable position and India had demonstrated that it would abide by subsisting agreements but, in the absence of agreement would wager in its own best inte lies.In 1952, the realness Bank offered to mediate the dispute over Indus Waters. The resulting treaty, based on the water usage needs of each, water availableness in the Indus System and mutual development of the watershed granted India the use of several rivers flowing through Kashmir for power generation, but stipulated that the usage must give up free flow of the waters into Pakistan. Each nation must announce water development plans and allow for the inspection of these projec ts by engineers from the other nation.It established a Permanent Indus Commission, made up of engineers from each nation, which would meet annually to discuss development issues and treaty implementation and established steps for dispute arbitration. Modern interpretation of the provisions of a treaty established in 1960 have strained the agreement and resulted in an escalation of Pakistans arbitration demands. Until 2005 all disputes over water projects had been persistent through the annual meetings of the Permanent Indus Commission. This changed with Indian plans to build the Baglihar Dam, a hydroelectric project, across the Chenab River.Although planning began in 1992, Pakistani engineers first objected to the project in 1999 on the grounds that it blocked the free flow of water within the Indus System in violation of the IWT. India contended that, in spite of the fact that it did not comply with the trustworthy treaty, the design of the dam was sound and that it would not onl y allow for the flow of water but would ensure that water supplies were available throughout the year. Pakistan referred the dispute to the humanness Bank for neutral arbitration down the stairs terms of the IWT.Although the neutral arbiter agreed in principal that the Indian project violated some aspects of the treaty, the violations were dogged to be based on sound and economic design and satisfactory construction and operation and the project was allowed to continue. While Pakistan agreed to the decision of the World Bank, its future(a) dispute, over the Kishanganga Hydroelectric Dam, was taken directly to the International Court of Arbitration. Although this level of arbitration is specified in the IWT, it is the first time that any dispute under the treaty has been taken to this level.The fact that Pakistan skipped neutral arbitration in favor of the International Court whitethorn be a signal that it mistrusts the neutrality of the World Bank. Although the Court has not ye t ruled on the project, a ruling in favor of India may convince Pakistan that the treaty is no longer in its best interests. The escalating arbitration demands of Pakistan reflect some concern over individual water projects, which was reflected in its arbitration request concerning the Baglihar Dam project, and more concern for the strategic implications of the Indian system as a whole.As most agree, no single Indian project could shut down water supplies to Pakistan. However, there is general agreement that India holds the superior position regarding control and usage of the Indus River. And there is agreement that the sheer number of dams along the northern Indus System could indeed have adverse effects on the water available to Pakistan. While Indian water needs are fulfilled by three rivers, the Ganges, the Brahmaputra as well as the Indus,Pakistan is served almost exclusively by the Indus, over which India adduces control. Although India contends that it has never diverted wat er from Pakistan, the water stoppage of 1948, when East Punjab halted water flow into West Punjab, is ever present in Pakistani strategic thought. India has the greater GDP, and therefore a greater ability to withstand delays to its water projects, and a larger military, so it cannot be easily scare into acceding to Pakistani demands.As Pakistani negotiators have stated, the Indian negotiating strategy is one of delay, of foot dragging, of tiring you outof creating facts, proceeding with construction plans, even when aware that the plans might well violate the treaty, so that Pakistan, confronted eventually with fait accompli, would have no choice but to cut its losses and accept an unfavorable compromise settlement and insisting on a bilateral framework of talks, without intending ever to settle on any but Indias terms. Although Pakistani negotiators may believe that India can drag negotiations on, the public is that each referral to arbitration has put a great burden on India i n time to completion. In the case of the Baglihar Dam, India announced its plans in 1992, began construction in 1999, the project was taken to arbitration in 2005 and the entire project was not completed until 2010. This case is similar to other projects which have taken 10+long time from commencement, through negotiation, to completion.Some, especially within Pakistan, have suggested that the treaty is no longer useful, that it is besides strategically disadvantageous to Pakistan and that the only solution to the issue is to take control of Kashmir and the northern Indus System. Others have expressed concerns that Indias hydroelectric projects may force Pakistan to abrogate the treaty and spark a war over Kashmir and control of the Indus.Whether concerns over war between the two nuclear nations are meant as a warning or a threat they have come often decorous since the dispute over the Baglihar Dam that they must be seen as a real concern. With multiple Indian hydroelectric projec ts in the planning stage (although the veritable number is in dispute), the opportunities for hawks within Pakistan to demand war will continue to place pressure level on politicians and the military to accept nothing little than a halt to all projects.The disputes over Indian projects have allowed Pakistan to divert attention away from its own weaknesses with regard to water availability. Although Pakistan often contends that Indian projects on the northern Indus have resulted in a loss of useable water within Pakistan, it is a case of wastage and unequal distribution by internal forces that has resulted in little water availability within Pakistan. This loss in water availability is due to aging transfer systems (pipes, canals), increasing silt levels within dams, corruption and inefficiency and low expenditure on water sector development.Ninety percent of Pakistans irrigable water is supplied by the Indus an aging system of canals, barrages and hydroelectric dams within Pakis tan has resulted in waste within its own water management systems. This is largely a result of heavy sediment composition of the Indus. Water storage systems and canals have filled with sediment over time, resulting in less water availability and susceptibility to flooding, especially during heavy monsoonal rains. The IWT has been used as a means to, if not settle other non-water cogitate disputes, to at least achieve a hearing of them, or to ease the tensions between the nations.Most recently, in 2009, the Pakistan Commissioner of Indus Waters had been asked nearly developments on the Nimoo-Bazgo Hydro Project and whether his office had inquired about inspecting the development. His response was that We would like to go there when the tension between India and Pakistan following the Bombay attacks ease. In the wake of the Mumbai attacks, the Pakistani official chose to delay his inspection to avoid inciting an already tense situation.India had threatened to pull out of the treat y as a response to cross-border terrorism in 2001-2002, and has used its control of the velocity Indus to exert pressure on Pakistan to halt attacks. Although this may be viewed as using its hegemonic power over water flows to exert pressure, the alternative is that war was avoided through the use of the living treaty. Should either India or Pakistan see the treaty as having outlived its usefulness, the nations have two choices nullification or renegotiation.Renegotiation would be the most desirable choice for the nations and the region. Indeed, renegotiation of the treaty may be a necessity. Guarantees of water deliveries through the Indus system may be unsustainable if climate change models are correct. Pakistan is currently able to store only 30 days of water, leaving it highly vulnerable to even mild fluctuations in water flow. This vulnerability exists in a period when the Indus is at its highest flow in 500 years due to the melting of the Himalayan glaciers that feed the sys tem.The expectation, although the calculations differ, is that the flow will slow as the glaciers recede, leaving both India and Pakistan struggling for water. Signs that offers to renegotiate are real would have to include two things 1. Renegotiation would have to be open to public scrutiny and third party mediation and 2. They would have to include conjunctive agreements on joint water projects. Renegotiation of the treaty under these conditions would indicate that both parties are committed to the IWT in some form.Nullification may be more exhausting to predict. As stated above, the treaty itself has survived at least three and a half conflicts and terrorist incursions. Escalation of hostilities may not be a reliable indicator of nullification. The current escalation of arbitration demands under the current treaty may provide some warning, should Pakistan reject the findings of the current International Court arbitration. Although the current case was brought over the Indian Ki shanganga dam, it is actually a story of two dams.Pakistan is currently building a dam on the same river, the Neelam-Jhelum Dam. Should arbitration be decided in Indias favor, the Kishanganga dam will divert water away from the Neelam-Jhelum, making the dam useless. Should this occur and the two nations are unable to come to some accommodation, Pakistan may instruct that the treaty is no longer in its best interest. Without the treaty its guarantees of water flow into Pakistan, the nation may see war as the only alternative. on that point are two likely scenarios for future developments with regard to the IWT.The first is and most likely scenario is a renegotiation of the treaty. For renegotiation to occur, it would most likely need to be initiated by India, as such an offer would likely be seen by the Pakistani public as bowing to Indian pressure. In addition, were Pakistan to request a renegotiation, India most likely would have the upper hands in discussions. The catalyst for r enegotiation would most likely be the ongoing demands for arbitration from Pakistan and the continuing delays in Indian construction projects.In drive off for a greater freedom to build on the upper Indus, India would have to offer significant concessions, the most likely being the instigation of joint projects to ensure more efficient irrigation to Pakistani cropland and more effective flood mitigation. Should India successfully convince Pakistan that a new treaty would provide more favorable water availability and would result in less control over the Indus System by India, then the renegotiation could be both a diplomatic and public relations success.The end result would be that both countries would be much better prepared should the flow of the Indus be reduced in the future. The second scenario is less burnished and also less likely. Should Pakistan determine that the existing treaty is no longer in its best interest and it believes that Indian projects will result in less wa ter availability on the Indus, Pakistan may nullify the treaty. In this case, war would be highly likely to occur as Pakistan attempts to seize control of Kashmir and the upper Indus River.This scenario itself has three likely outcomes. 1. In order to avoid a nuclear war, the international community brokers a cease-fire. India retains control of Kashmir and effectively ends both Pakistans claims to the province and any obligations to allow the free flow of water to Pakistan. While Pakistan would still receive some flow, mainly as a result of flood control measures and sediment flushing from Indian dams, it would not be enough water to enable Pakistan to adequately irrigate or to provide fresh water to its people.The aging irrigation infrastructure would continue to deteriorate, compounding an already untenable situation. The threat of nuclear war would hang over the region for the foreseeable future as radical elements within Pakistan are able to seize power and Pakistan becomes a f ailed, pariah state. 2. As a result of a brokered cease-fire, Kashmir achieves independence. Kashmir brokers its own water treaty with both India and Pakistan India agrees to stay fresh the existing hydroelectric dams and water storage in return for continued access to the electricity being generated.Pakistan continues to receive flow from the Indus River, but at begin levels than under the IWT as Kashmir diverts and stores some of the water for its own irrigation. Pakistans irrigation and storage systems continue to deteriorate, but at a less noticeable pace than under the first nullification scenario. Radical elements are able to achieve some power within Pakistan, but moderates are able to maintain control and because of the existing water treaty are able to contract assistance from China and the United States to upgrade irrigation and water storage.Although still a nuclear power, Pakistan is unable to maintain parity with India on a military or economic level, effectively dimi nishing the threat of nuclear war. 3. Pakistan achieves strategic surprise and is able to seize control of Kashmir and the upper Indus River prior to the brokered cease-fire. Rather than increasing the flow of water to irrigate, Pakistan maintains the current hydroelectric systems built by India, selling some of the power to India and diverting the rest for its own use.Pakistan fails to address its own interprovincial water sharing issues In addition to existing squabbles between Punjab and Sindh, it has added Kashmir to the mix with its own demands for irrigation and fresh water. Although Pakistan is able to maintain water flow to support irrigation, it is below the level of the IWT. India and Pakistan continue their adversarial relationship but without the benefits of diplomatic exchange. Radicals within Pakistan are able to exploit the inequitable division of water between the provinces and, in spite of its Muslim majority, Kashmir never becomes a fully integrated part of Pakista n.Because of its need to maintain both a military balance with India and to secure its facilities against domestic terror attacks, it is unprepared for the dropping water flow due to the recession of the Himalayan glaciers feeding the Indus. The region continues to be an international concern as China and the United States jockey for influence. Although the scenarios regarding a nullification of the IWT may be unduly negative, most academic studies agree that the Indus Water Treaty of 1960 is too important to regional relations for either India or Pakistan to seek an alternative.Whether the treaty continues in its present form, which is increasingly unlikely, is renegotiated as part of a larger brokered deal, or is restructured according to some recognition of Indian responsibility to its neighbor, the treaty has survived an ongoing adversarial relationship for 53 years due to both its effectiveness and its utility. With the worldwide potential for resource scarcity, the potential e xists that other nations sharing water resources could model their own disputes on the IWT, but only if Pakistan and India are able to resolve their own ongoing issues.

First Impressions of George and Lennie

Lennie and George are like chalk and cheese in appearance. George is secondary and quick every part of him was defined while Lennie, Georges faithful friend, is a huge man sloping shoulders and walked heavily. This match of appearance can be very helpful as Lennie is big and can look after George physically. They two still had things in common though both were dressed in denim trousers and denim coats both wore black shapeless hats. They were both dressed like this be fix they on their way to a ranch, to work as a enhance labourer and they were living the lives of drifters.George is quick-witted and particular, this becomes apparent when he says Dont seem to be running, though. You never oughter drink water when it own(prenominal)t running, Lennie, this kindle that he knows how to look after himself and he knows what is best for him, and the way he says Lennie at the end tells the reader that he is looking out for Lennie and trying to nutriment him safe too. Lennie is slow and d im-witted we know this because when he talks is he uses monosyllabic words for example, long, big, drink this suggest he is uneducated and has a affable age of around 5 years old.George is also very forgetful you forgot that awready, did you? this is another sign of him acting younger than he is and it shows that he needs person to look out for him. There is another side of George though this is shown when he tries to deceive George by saying Aint a thing in my pocket this shows he can be quite sly and deceiving. It is clear that Lennie has no sense at all and George has to watch over him constantly.The very starting signal time the men are described it tells us that there is a clear leader they had walked single file down the path, and even in the make this shows us that Lennie follows George and sees him as a good example. Lennie is constantly always looking out for George aw, Lennie I aint taking it away jus for meanness, that mouse aint fresh. George always does what he thi nks is best for Lennie even if Lennie does not agree. you get in trouble. You do bad things and I got to get you out. It becomes clear the George would a good deal prefer not to be with Lennie as he always fantasises about if he was on his own he would do much better for imself and he wouldnt constantly be dragged down by Lennie, but even though he says all of it, we can tell that secretly George wants Lennie to stay with him cause I want you to stay with me this says that even though Lennie depends on George, George still needs Lennie so he isnt alone and doesnt suffer from devastation and has someone he can talk to. We know that in previous work that Lennie has mess it up for George and they both got run out of weed and we got to pinch out in the dark and get outta the country this tells the reader that in the upcoming work job It may not be all that simple.Also George tells Lennie that if he gets into trouble at the ranch to come back to the brush and wait for him, this is fo reshadowing the future and telling us that George most definitely get into trouble. George and Lennie both are ambitious though and both dream of having the American dream together, but George is more realistic and knows if he carries on with Lennie that the dream will never come true, but he doesnt tell Lennie this, and keeps him happy by letting him think that one day they will have a speckle of their own.