A Doll’s House Act commentary

Henries Ibsen, is a play that was considered so controversial when it was first published, In 1879, that the playwright was forced to create a second ending to be used when necessary. This was because of Ibsen unorthodox stance on the idea of the role of women In society at the time, and this concept became one of the mall themes of his play. Although this was one of the prevalent notions, other significant themes Include the unreliability of appearance and the notion of heredity.In act 1, Ibsen immediately portrays the protagonist's, Nora, status as a woman in the should. She is a symbol of the women of her era, who were believed to be content with Just the business of the home. She has been buying presents for Christmas, and is described as being, â€Å"busy opening some of the parcels†. Nora busies herself with small matters, hiding macaroons and organizing things. Although her husband, Dorval, labels Nora as â€Å"my little squirrel† and a variety of other animals i n a patronizing manner, Nora seems to act In the same as a woodland creature, continuously â€Å"scampering about†.Nora behaves Like a small child, hiding macaroons room her husband and spending excessive amounts of money; Dorval Is not entirely incorrect In his statement of, â€Å"has my little spendthrift been wasting money again†. Although Norm's character seems to exhibit some complexity on an emotional level, she lacks a deep relationship and understanding of life outside of the house and Dorval, suggesting things such as borrowing money and, later, not realizing that forgery is a crime. One of the main causes of this is Tortilla's treatment of and relationship with Nora.Helmet's mind-set is apparent in everything he says to Nora, as well as his degrading pet names, â€Å"lark†, â€Å"squirrel†, â€Å"songbird†, and his objectification of her. However, his diminutive nature towards Nora is more similar to that of a father than that of a loving husband. She Is entirely dependent on him for everything, be It food, shelter, or money. Tortilla's power dynamic in the relationship Is portrayed through the sentence structure and NC)-fluency features with the extract. He constantly breaks Into Norm's sentences and questions her In an accusing manner.In this way, Dorval treats her as if she is a helpless doll, aggravating and intensifying Norm's separation from her romanticizes perception of life and actual reality. Appearance and reality is a prominent theme within A Doll's House'. The audience is introduced to the play through the words, â€Å"hide the Christmas Tree carefully', implying that one of the focal concepts dealt in the play will be deceit. This notion is then further illustrated when she continuously lies to Dorval about such petty things as buying and eating macaroons.The idea of the Christmas tree being hidden until is changed and â€Å"dressed† presents a metaphoric parallel to Norm's character and develo pment throughout the play. She dresses and bejewels herself with falsehoods to show off to her husband and friends, whilst In reality she Is hiding a dangerous lie. She will not allow anyone to see the truth of the situation, when her lie is undressed. Depicted as a childish, fickle and silly woman, as the play progresses the audience is shown that she is a motivated, intelligent and strong-willed adult.Another chief and recurrent topic incorporated in ‘A Doll's House' is that of heredity, and we are introduced to this idea within the opening scene of Act One of the play; mirrored an odd little one. Exactly the way your father was†¦. It's deep in your blood. Yes, those things are hereditary, Nora†. The characters believe that heredity is the cause and reason to all faults that lie within each other, and Dorval attributes Norm's wanton attitude towards money to the similar approaches and mind-set of her father.In this manner, the characters avoid the responsibility o f their ill-suited traits y blaming their bloodlines. Anything negative in their physicality or mentality is not the result of their own actions, but the result of an incorrect and immoral heritage. This notion of Nora being a â€Å"spendthrift† being in her blood creates a parallel link later in the play, when Nora becomes convinced that her lie will negatively influence her children; they will inevitably become corrupt. In this way, the opening scene of Act One portrays the mentality of the characters that will continue throughout the majority of the play.Henries Ibsen ‘A Doll's House', was completely innovative and unconventional for the society of its era. The play tackled the idea that the culture of the time was not necessarily as Just or principled as it portrayed itself to be; that behind its respectable fade was an unequal and prejudiced system. Ibsen portrayed this concept through the prominent themes of the role of women within society and the household, what is appearance and what is reality, and the idea that all of our traits and faults are the result of our heritage.

Why fashion is important

Some, of us were born loving fashion and some just weren't. Whether you love it or hate it your personal style and fashion is very important to whom you are as a person. Why? Because it reflects you as an individual; beside when you look good, you feel good! Fashion can transform your personality I mean isn't it amazing how clothes can make a person? Have you, ever heard the phrase â€Å"you are what you wear†? YES! Yes because more than 20%of us hare this phrase on a day to day bias. Our clothes tell us who we are in a society and tell others about our personalities, our wants, needs, talents, dispositions and destination. It has been said by Mrs. Rosie Montage, professor of social psychology that 98% of what we say does not come from our mouth. If so then clothing is a very silent but tremendously powerful communicator. It can camouflage or cover up; it can build or destroy an image, it can say â€Å"I am as good as you†, â€Å"I have the same interest†, â€Å"I am important†, â€Å"I am not important† or even â€Å"I take myself and work too seriously! But by judging someone based on their appearance makes them feel inferior. Why? Because you are assuming that you know them better than they know themselves; that's just deceitful as every single human sees the world through different eyes! Never the less appearance is all so essential as it is the only visible clue to individuals, individuality, which has now become a mean for us humans to evaluate others. We simply do this by assessing the outfit the person is wearing the moment they enter a room. The majority, of you properly think that fashion is all about fancy clothes, long snake skin stilettos hills and gorgeous models. But to be honest it is an industry that provides a form of earning and future for more than 25% of people in our society. As we all know fashion is an enormous industry which contributes the economy y by providing employment for people like textile workers, designers, manufactures, shopkeepers and models. Bar braking into the industry is remarkably hard due to this most workers at the base of the hierarchal chart do not gain as much income over the years. For instance we often see on TV models looking luxurious and wealthy but that's far from reality as 5% suffer from eating disorders as they try to fulfil the designer's demands and also compete for the number one spot of top model! One thing that really irritates me about our society today is the atrocious attitude that some individuals have towards the fashion industry. You do know that fashion is not all about clothes, shoes, and make up and that there is a scientific side to it; your properly wondering how? Well new materials such as nylon, Orlon and Dacron were found by fashion designers. These materials are known used in most product processing industry all over the world! Although fashion designers got to the new materials first many argue that scientist would have properly discovered the source first if fashion did not interfere! Fashion. Well what is it? It's a sweet demon deep inside every single one of us which fills our lives with exotic colours and out of this world creation! But why do I want you to believe its so important, because it send out a message of permutes importance to not just our peers but to other individuals we do not talk to directly; Believe it or not statistics show that being well dressed is psychologically important because confident in our appearances leads to confident in our success in life and if your that one person who doesn't care about fashion and style then your really not living to your full potentials!

The Effect of legitimacy theory in achieving profitability and Essay

The Effect of legitimacy theory in achieving profitability and sustainability in a corporation - Essay Example Social and environment accounting involves communicating the social and environmental effects of the company’s economic actions related to a particular interest group in a society or to the society at large. But what role does the social environment accounting play in determining the performance of a company both in the short and long run. The theory behind the inception of contemporary issues in the accounting field will also be reviewed with focus given to the legitimacy theory (Suchman, 1995). Theories are a scheme or systems of ideas which account for a group of facts or ideas, accounting theories provide a systematic framework for understanding, investigating and developing various accounting practices. Theories are used for evaluating applicability of the current accounting practices. Legitimacy theory assumes that an entity is affected by and influenced the society in which it operates, among other system oriented theories, the institutional and stakeholders theory, an entity has the primary role of ensuring that it discloses information in the relationship among, groups, organisation, the state and individuals for the coon good of the public. According to Drever and McGowan, (2007), the systematic oriented theories were derived from the political Economy theory. â€Å"Political economy is the social, political and economic framework within which human life takes place† (Gray, Owen & Adams, 1996 p.47). It is obvious that entities exist within a society and economic issues affecting such an entity can not be excluded from the political, institutional and social framework within the society. Legitimacy theory ensures that organisations and entities carry out their activities within the legal bounds and norms of their respective societies. Any given society would not condone an entity within it to carry out illegitimate activities because of the repercussion that such activities may bring upon the society. However, bounds and norms are not sta tic as they keep changing with time, thus it is also necessary that an organisation responses to the changing culture and norms within the society in order to continue operating in it smoothly (O’Donovan, 2002). Latest Research ACCA UK Awards for Sustainability Reporting in 2008 recommended that companies should start accounting for their sustainability impacts from both a financial and non financial perspective. The article point out that accounting for social and environment sustainability is a challenge because most of the components of the social environment aspect are abstract in nature. The Centre for Urban and Regional Studies, in New Castle Australia have designed practical guide fro small community organisations and enterprises due to the growing interest in social accounting . The three main steps that authors relate to social accounting are planning, accounting and reporting and auditing. Milne has recently carried out a critical look at positive accounting theory, political costs and social disclosure analysis. The aim of the research was to illustrate empirical evidence in support of the challenges that meet positive accounting theory of social disclosures. Literature Review Mathews (1995), made an inquiry whether social environment accounting is a practical demonstration of ethical concern. He points out that the accounting profession was among the first professions to uphold integrity in its practices. Recently there have been attempts by educational programmes to move the accounting pr

Innovation In the Emerging Markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Innovation In the Emerging Markets - Essay Example In short, it’s just something fancy that can suit the taste of some people. In the case of MAC 400, innovation even meant a lower price tag since it sells for a third of a price of a conventional ECG as reported in an article in the Economist last 2010. Indeed, continuous innovation would certainly usher better medical products that are even handy and provide quick diagnosis of a medical condition. Doctors can go to remote places and attend to indigent patients who need an MRI using MAC 400. Although big companies are creating more innovative products to suit customer’s needs based on marketing research, a newer form of innovation has been shaped for the past few years. This innovation is a far cry from complex systems that sell for thousands of dollars; rather, the new trend in innovation is geared towards addressing basic concerns of humanity such as potable drinking water. This type of innovation is known as† reverse innovation â€Å"or† frugal innovatio n†. The World Health Organization’s Millennium Development Goals for 2015 included providing potable drinking water to 884 million people who still depend on unsafe water sources for their drinking, cooking and sanitation.

Marketing Strategy, SOUTHWEST AIRLINE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Marketing Strategy, SOUTHWEST AIRLINE - Essay Example Due to this the competition has become rigorous as the airlines are forced to cut down cost and jobs and fill the seats. Southwest is a low cost carrier which has always offered low fair deals to its passengers. In the case too it is offering lower rates and deals. These new rates though are not for all the destinations and flights, they are only specific to certain locations and restrictions are applied. Then there are other deals offered by hotels like Sheraton, they are offering discounts on early bookings along with Southwest. All these are as a result of the recession, competition and off season in the airline industry. Southwest is using sales promotion as a marketing strategy to overcome the crisis of reduced sales. This is just one way it can counter the problem. The company can respond to such financial crisis through liquidation, taking government subsidies, improving the efficiency and by forming alliances with other carriers. These are some of the strategies that are used by various airlines. The key problem these airlines are facing is the high cost and low sales. The key issue is the rising cost of the company which has lead to reduction in sales due to which marketing strategies are to be applied. Since it is an oligopolistic market structure hence other key players are going to follow the strategy too. One of the ke Problem statement One of the key problems that the company is facing at the time is the low sales. The company has come up with various tactics and one of them is the sales promotion in order to attract passengers. The passengers will get the same service at lower rates but fewer destinations and conditions apply. Alternate solutions There are other ways of marketing too. Southwest can make an ad campaign which shows that the airline is offering lower rates at times of recession too which shows that they are concerned. This will leave a positive impact in the eyes of the customer and intact the customer loyalty. The company can close its less productive routes because at this time the aim is to reduce cost and offer lower rates to the customers. This will save costs and that can be passed on to the passenger in the form of sales promotion. The company can come up with different promotional deals which can be advertised on the internet or the television. This will be costly but will create awareness among the customers. ' ' ' Selected Solution They should close down their unprofitable routes and focus on the ones which can generate high profits for them. This is very important because fuel price are already fluctuating and cost minimization should be the top most priority. Expected results It will save costs; moreover the employees need to understand the situation so that they do not bargain on wages or any other matter. The entire firm will have to work together and bring down the cost. Once the cost is saved then that advantage can be passed on to the customer through marketing efforts and spending that on low fares and more advertising. Negative results The passengers who travel through that route would face problems now since that service would be closed now. This will leave dissatisfied customers. However, there could be one way which is that the company doesn't completely close down the service but make it less like once a week instead of three so that customers do not find it inconvenient.

First Writing Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

First Writing Assignment - Essay Example Most members of the Black community were also left homeless as their residences had been destroyed by the whites during the riots that had been racially motivated. Oklahoma had passed state legislation that entrenched racial segregation while its constitution disfranchised most blacks from voting or serving in juries or administrative duties. On August 16, 1916, Tulsa had passed an ordinance that forbade blacks or whites from taking residence in a block in which three quarters were members of the other race, a law which had been found to be illegal by the Supreme Court. After the First World War, the veterans, especially those from the Black community, started fighting for their civil rights mainly through racially motivated riots. On Monday, May 30, 1921 which was Memorial Day, Dick Rowland, a shoe shiner of black origin was alleged to have assaulted or in some versions raped Sarah Page, a while elevator operator and reported to the authorities. The authorities conducted an investigation which, was low key in manner but Rowland due to fear went into hiding in the Greenwood neighborhood where his mother stayed though Page was not pressing for any charges. This happening brought about a lot of debate about what happened with the Tulsa Tribune, sensationalizing the matter and demanding for the nabbing, and if possible the lynching of Rowland. There was also a stand-off at the Tulsa County Courthouse where the white people had gathered with intention to lynch Rowland. The black community in the nearby Greenwood Avenue also mobilized themselves in an attempt to protect Rowland from any lynching that the white community intended to commit. With both communities, the white and the black armed, they surrounded the co urthouse despite being told to go back to their homes and avoid any act of confrontation or acts of violence.

Comprehensive planning Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Comprehensive planning - Assignment Example These are some of the items that bring abut controversy in the agendas of local government. With their widespread significance and usage, it is surprising to see that plans are hardly evaluated against standards of best practice. Despite the centrality in plan making about land use, to the regional and city planning profession, there is a knowledge gap in relation to the quality of produced plans. This may be because of the complexity of the plan’s nature, as well as future orientation which bring together issues, factors, and aspirations from many sources to focus on long term outcomes. The gap is also as a result of unsystematic result integration and lack of evaluation because of the perception that they involve a lot of art, which defy rational analysis. Assessment of Plan Quality New York New York is a metropolitan city that consists of a society that is performance oriented. In such a city, people should be able to judge if their development plans achieve their goals, an d how well the planning process has been conducted. The plan by Robert Moses shaped New York City by providing freeways, parks and bridges systems (Ballon & Jackson, 2007; Caro, 1974). The aims of a profession like regional and city planning include enforcing high practice standards. Good practitioners reflect on their work’s quality and their experience so that they can learn (Meck, 2002). In New York, land use plans help the public to develop sustainable communities that value environmental, social, and economic values balance (Godschalk and Kaiser, 1995). These are the main subject matter elements of the plan, together with guiding land use in the future into configurations that are desirable. It also aims at assisting communities in addressing threats and opportunities, so as to make the best choice among policy alternatives. This planning presentation is clear in its organization. New York land use plan reaches the full planning power because stake holders are educated a bout options and issues, thus helping them to build consensus about visions of the community, thus mediating conflict between change and stability. The community’s participation in the process has helped its citizens in educating their future leaders and networks to resiliently respond to stresses like disasters. New York City Plan also gives the community periodic updates where the community gets an opportunity to assess the progress of their goals, and change in conditions that are important. According to Berke, Godschalk and Kaiser (2006), a good plan has a wide range of power to influence life quality, environmental justice, disaster resistance, economic opportunity, infrastructure costs, transportation efficiency and other aspects that affect community life. The New York plan is very comprehensive in taking into account all these issues. It is community oriented, besides allowing community participation. On the other hand, it fits well into Godschalk and Kaiser Developme nt plan. It was systematically evaluated, to specifically identify the strengths and weaknesses, thus determining its overall quality through democratic determination of instruments and visions. This provided a basis that ensured that it attained

America Prior to the Civil War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

America Prior to the Civil War - Essay Example The most important changes at the time of industrialization were the development of machines that replaced hand tools, the use of steam and power that substituted for the use of muscles of man animals, and the adoption of factory system. The Industrial revolution started in Great Britain in the mid-18th century. America was behind because its population was more occupied in farming and trading. It was too slow to adopt machineries because, as a new nation, America had little capital for investment. Labor was scarce since men were pushing westward and were engaged in clearing forests, and establishing themselves on the land (â€Å"Economic growth and early industrial revolution†). Industrialization in the United States started in 1790 and is credited to Samuel Slatter who copied the mill technology from the British model. Slatter came to the United States in 1789 and was hired to build a mill. English laws do not allow export of machineries or plans on making it. So Slatter des igned the mill from his memory and built it in 1790. When British products became difficult to obtain because of war, American investors thought of building more factories and machineries; thus, historians aptly called these changes as the first industrial revolution (â€Å"Economic growth and early industrial revolution†). Soon enough, New England developed the important textile industry. The inventions of the spinning and weaving machines operated on water made production more feasible. Other inventions were introduced. In Pennsylvania, smelting in stone furnaces produced iron for machines, tools, and guns. Charcoal was discovered in forested land. Steam driven spinning machines operated in New York by 1810. And by 1814, the first practical power loom was installed in Massachusetts. A factory system of production was also introduced in the shoe production in Massachusetts in the early 19th century (â€Å"Economic growth and early industrial revolution†). The use of m achines paved the way for an organizational strategy that implemented a factory system to increase productivity. The factory structure replaced the output work system wherein small parts of a larger production process were carried out in individual homes. In the factory system, work was done in a centralized location. The new system promoted efficiency in production. All these developments caused New England to be the first area in the United States to be industrialized. Invention in cotton production altered the shape of agricultural production. Prior to industrialization, historians cited farmers playing the pivotal role in the economy. Up to 1850, farmers accounted for 85% of the population (Scott). Tobacco cultivation, once profitable, gave way to cotton production. Cotton has diminished production of cattle, indigo and pine trees in the south. The price of labor increased because of the demand for slaves to work for cotton production. The cheap and easy way of cotton production made it easier for the masses to wear cotton dresses. Facts submitted by Dr. Carolle Scott (1997), a history professor, showed that British demand for cotton and the Midwestern settlement started the regional specialization and trade that now account for the economic term of comparative advantage. The development of machines is an era

Is police brutality justifiable in the United States Essay

Is police brutality justifiable in the United States - Essay Example The answer to this question is more complex than initially thought. Social media do an excellent persuasive job in misconstruing public opinion based on cases of justified excessive police force and cases where the force is questionable. This delicate issue in our society at the moment is sweeping our nation and dividing Americans by ethnic groups, depending on the victimization of each case that hits the news. A wide range of allegations on police brutality in the United States tend to give rise to broad discussions in public. As usual, there are two opposite points of view on the issue which are represented in the dichotomy â€Å"reasonable force vs. police brutality†. Representatives on both the sides rely greatly on what they get from the media coverage of events and not many of them refer to official surveys which can shed light upon the problem under discussion. Before addressing the above-mentioned research, it is necessary to give a clear definition of what reasonable force means though. As it is stated in legal papers, the police have a right to use a â€Å"reasonable force†. Overall, the law states clearly in what cases one can use a reasonable force. Among such circumstances are self-defense, defense of other people or property, lawful arrest and prevention of a crime. In fact, common citizens are also allowed to use force in these situations; the standards for police officers are higher though. In any case, the use of such force appears to be reasonable under given circumstances (Fitch 234-235). In other words, one, in this case, a police officer, must believe that the force he / she (still usually he) uses is justifiable and not excessive at the same time. To see how a serving police officer assesses a situation in which he might use force, how the police are taught, an interview has been conducted. The interviewee is a serving police officer who he asked not to give his name that is why he will be referred to

Public Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Public Policy - Essay Example The 2012/2013 budget plan of the state that was approved by the Governor and Legislature in June 2012. In the event that the voters reject this policy measure, the budget have a backup plan that demands reduction in spending, also referred to as trigger cuts. The policy affects the upper income tax payers because they are the one to pay additional tax for the funding of the state’s budgeted programs. However, the beneficiaries of the policy range from community colleges and schools, universities, department of development services, department of parks and recreation, department of fish and game, city police departments among other funded educational programs.The Proposition 30 will increase the rate of Sales Tax from 2013 all the way to 2016 by 9.3%. This policy measure will increase statewide rate of sales tax by almost one quarter for each dollar of purchased goods. The policy will be effective for four years. The Proposition 30 will also increase the rates of Personal Incom e Tax from 2012 to 2018. The policy measure will increase the already existing 9.3 percent rates on the higher incomes. The supplementary marginal rate of tax will increase with the increase in taxable income. The policy will add state revenue from 2018 through to 2019. Through the fiscal years in which both the personal income tax and sales tax increases as stated above due to phasing in and phasing out of the higher rates of taxes, the smaller increases in revenue are likely to be seen in 2011/2012, 2017/2018, and 2018/2019.

The deve1opment of the idea of Holy War Essay Example for Free

The deve1opment of the idea of Holy War Essay To what extent was the violence in Western society the MAIN reason for the deve1opment of the idea of Holy War? Violence in Western society was definitely a prominent factor in the culmination of the concept of Holy War. However, it is subjective to say that it was the most prominent. The growing influence and power of the Catholic Church was possibly the most pivotal factor in its development, as-over time-it was able to channel and unify the belligerents of Western Europe against a common, somewhat faceless, enemy. The role of the Church in the development of Holy War stretches far back before the ninth century, particularly in the writings of the celebrated scholar St. Augustine of Hippo (d. 430). Augustines writings-which set out to articulate and understand when Christians were allowed to resort to acts of violence-came at a time when Christian morality and doctrine were refined according to the needs and mental attitudes of the time, particularly considering the vacuum created by the disappearance of Roman imperial authority. His attempt to reconcile the violence seen in everyday life with the customary pacifism of Christianity is referred to as the concept of the just war, which argues that violence can be morally justified under very specific conditions. Delving into the notion of what constituted a just war itself, Augustine focused on the notion of charity, stating the holy war seeks to bring back lapsed or heretical brethren into the fold of the Church, to save their souls if not their bodies. Augustines definition of just war would set a theological standard for defining European holy wars throughout the Crusade era. The Truce and Peace of God was also a crucial factor in the development of Holy War. During the tenth and eleventh centuries, the movements gave knights within Europe a more direct ecclesiastical purpose through the development of the idea of chivalry. By toning violence with a much more moral and defensive inflection-a war in the service of the weak-and by adding the religious oaths of fealty to the feudal act of homage, churchmen did their utmost to Christianize feudal society in general and to set limits on feudal violence in particular. The ultimate goal of the Truce and Peace of God was the creation of peace leagues, led by secular lords who would join together to maintain the peace and punish those who contravened their oaths by engaging in violent acts outside the set terms. Through the Peace of God movement the Church was starting to gain authority for deciding what constituted a just war, and is a chief example from the Church of its growing attempts to set the parameters fo r violence to better suit Christian ideals and purposes. The imagery and language of the Church also changed in relation to the rise of Christian militarism. Sayings and phrases such as miles Christi (soldiers of Christ,) that had been in use since the New Testament were used to describe laymen, especially armed warriors who supported papal policies. Monks, to whom the term miles Christi was originally applied could not, even in this period, bear arms or fight. Instead, it would be the warriors of the First Crusade who would adopt many of the spiritual goals and some of the ascetic exercises characteristic of monks.[4] The evolution of the Church during the tenth and eleventh centuries evolved through the taking up of a more combative quality and by latching it onto a religious doctrine that was already in existence. This was an essential factor in the cultural acclimation of Europeans to a revised concept of Holy War. As the role of the Church in society began to increase during the tenth and eleventh centuries, conceptions of Holy War changed to reflect the new aspirations of the medieval papacy. Evoking the imagery of martyrdom, the idea of suffering for ones religion to the point of death, Pope Alexander II granted to the Christian knights in Spain a remission of the penance required for their sins. This concept of absolution for soldiers portrays a pivotal shift in papal policy, namely by the introduction of clemency for soldiers fighting in a war deemed holy or just. In conclusion, violence in Western society was undoubtedly a contributory factor in the development of Holy War, but it was the cunning of the Catholic Church that created the final result. From successfully exploiting the contradictions found within the Old Testament, to glorifying warfare with the promise of the eternal reward, the Church tailored the concept of war in alignment with Christian tenets and ideals; an ideology that would come to form the bedrock of the Crusades.

Arte Povera Movements in Modern Art

Arte Povera Movements in Modern Art The movement Arte Povera began in late 1960s the key artists were; Giovanni Anselmo, Jannis Kounellis, Alighiero Boetti, Luciano Fabro, Mario Merz, Marisa Merz, Pier Paolo Calzolari, Giulio Paolini, Giuseppe Penone, Pino Pascali and Michelangelo Pistoletto. Arte Povera translated, means poor art but this does not refer to the quality or types of materials used alone. The artists involved produced sculpture, photography installation and performance. There were also other types of art practice that had an affinity to Arte Povera; Land art, antiform, postminimalism and conceptual art. The artists within this movement were concerned with that point at which art and life, nature and culture, intersect (Christov-Bakargie 1999: 17). Arte Povera found significance within physical forces present in every day life, such as gravity and electricity. Art that merely represented life and acted as a go between art and life was not considered by Arte Povera, experiencing a real life situation was the focus. Along with involving physical forces Arte Povera engaged with aspects of human nature. The objects and materials that the artists used to evoke aspects of human nature stirred the senses allowing the viewer to experience the work. For example Jannis Kounellis wanted the viewer to use their sense of smell he did this by using coffee within his work. The use of texture is applied within Arte Povera, suggesting that the viewer touch the work. The use of text was also popular with Arte Povera, the words were largely handwritten so would come across more personal. In terms of location the artists tend to work indoors however have worked in site-specific places. They have created installations, sculpture, film, and performa nce the artists also worked with ideas of the permanent and temporary. The scale is often determined by the dimensions of the human body, its physical presence and behaviour (Christov-Bakargie 1999: 19) this is demonstrated in Fabros piece in-cubo which consisted of a cloth cube that was big enough for just one person. Kounellis also stated that I cant exceed the height of a man (Bellini 2007: 114). Arte Povera was an outlet for artists at the time to rebel against what they considered an oppressive society both economically and culturally. They believed both these things were trapped within traditions and focused heavily upon consumerism devised to control rather than liberate (Christov-Bakargie 1999: 20). Many other things came under attack at this time such as education, sexuality and religion. The Arte Povera artists questioned all traditional materials, scale, form and concept. A key concept for the artists was to reduce the intellectual control and make the experience more important. Jean-Chrisophe Ammann gave a definition of Arte Povera: Arte Povera designates a kind of art which, in contrast to the technologized world around it, seeks to achieve a poetic statement with the simplest of means. This return to simple materials, revealing laws and processes deriving from the power of the imagination, is an examination of the artists own conduct in an industrialized society [] A way of dropping out which is by no means a denial of society, but which instead asserts a moral claim: the subjectified in its objectified authenticity reflects a natural recollection of environmental phenomena, both universal and individual (Christov-Bakargie 1999: 20). The text Art Povera Notes for a Guerrilla War written by Germano Celant begins by describing a type of art that follows the system First came man, then the system. That is the way it used to be. Now society produces, and man consumes (Celant 1967: 119). This system demands that the art produced by an artist has to follow a certain route; they must conform to the art they have made in the past. The artist makes objects that suit the system, they cannot create an object just for it to be an object they must justify the art and then make it fit for distribution: Turning himself as an artist into a substitute for an assembly line. No longer a stimulator, technician, or specialist of discovery, he becomes a cog in a mechanism. His behaviour is conditioned into never offering more than a correction to the world, perfecting its social structures but never modifying or revolutionizing them (Celant 1967: 119). Marcel Duchamp is mentioned as an opposing example to this type of art, he was never interested in pleasing the system and instead made art that did not follow a linear path. Celant describes that art has two directions one being using existing structures and the other the choice is to make a free art which allows for progression within the work. Celant believes the first choice of using the existing structure is a complex art and the second choice, a free art is a poor art due to it involving unforeseen events and working within the present. Over there a complex art, over here a poor art. Committed to contingency, to events, to the non-historical, to the present (Celant 1967: 119). Arte Povera artists rejected societies system, the artist wanted to be free to grow from the ability to move in any direction with their art to produce art that is unpredictable The artist, who was exploited before, now becomes a guerrilla warrior (Celant, 1967: 119). In a world where the system is well and truly cemented within society Arte Povera exists by not committing itself to any one system. This art is controlled by the practical objective to liberate art. Not to add ideas or art objects in to the world, which could fall in to the system: Hence it does away with categorical positions to focus on gestures that do not add anything to our well-educated perception, that do not oppose themselves to life as art or lead to the creation of separate levels for the ego and the world, but exist as social gestures in and of themselves, as formative and compositive liberations which aim at the identification between man and the world ( Celant, 1967: 119). Celant later wrote another text on Arte Povera in 1969, within this text he reiterates that the artist is renewing events that happen in nature. He compares the artist to an alchemist, having the ability like nature does to create magical things. The artist does not intend to represent these natural processes Like a simple-structured organism, the artist mingles with the environment, he camouflages himself with it (Celant quoted in Christov-Bakargie 1999: 198). Consequently the artist does not aim to change the world or influence it anyway, instead wishes to appreciate natural processes that occur and then experience them through making art. Celant identifies that Arte Povera involves the abolishment of following trends within your work and what you are expected to create as an artist and instead allow the work to organically progress. He abolishes his role as artist, intellectual, painter and sculptor. He learns again to perceive, to feel, to breathe, to walk, to understand, to use himself as a man. Naturally, learning to move or rediscovering ones own existence does not mean playing a new role or making movements, but using oneself as a continuously mouldable material (Celant quoted in Christov-Bakargie1999: 198). In 1968 Marisa Volpi wrote American Art and Italian Art: New directions, within this text she explores what is primary or minimal art. She defines this type of art as devoid of complicated form and absent from traditional aestheticism ( Volpi quoted in Christov-Bakargie 1999: 196). She also writes that these types of artists tend to be sculptors, as they believe that painting is limited in its two dimensionality, which restricts its capabilities of illusionism. Their focus is on involving the viewers in their presence and prompting isolated and particularized sensations, rather than on making them reflect, think and exercise judgement ( Volpi quoted in Christov-Bakargie 1999: 196). Volpi states that the distinctive feature at the time the text was written between European artists and others differed by their intellectual understatements within their art. Volpi describes what the Arte Povera artists produced They work on that perceptual fabric which comes before our logical-historical relations with the world (Volpi quoted in Christov-Bakargie 1999: 196). This quote is expressing similar ideas written by Celant, that Arte Povera is a rejection of producing work that follows a pattern and instead works with human nature as content. She describes many different themes within Arte Povera one being the use of ordinary processes such as filling up, covering up, opening, rolling up, lighting etc (Volpi quoted in Christov-Bakargie 1999: 196). Volpi ends her essay by writing that the Arte Povera artists intended to change the way that art was traditionally perceived. Chapter 2 part 2 This section of the chapter will explore several artists work who were involve within the Arte Povera Movement. Looking back at the question, what is Relational Aesthetics relationship to Arte Povera? Does Arte Povera include social interactions as part of the practice in the same way as Relational Aesthetics? Considering artist practices and how they use interaction and participation within their art. The artist Michelangelo Pistoletto (2001) said about his work: I am interested in the passage between objects more than in the objects themselves. I am interested in the perceptive faculty, in the sensitisation of the individual. Objects, the state of things, human movements accepted in their conventional appearance, do not contribute in any way to the profound stimulus of man, the full use of his cerebral capacities (Pistoletto quoted in 2001: 7). He is saying here that the object is not the most important part of the object but the channels between objects. He is interested in the interaction of the individual with the work and the awareness the viewer has of the work by way of their senses. Looking at objects in their normal capacity will not motivate people to use their full intellectual abilities. Pistoletto was recognized as a key artist of Arte Povera, his most famous pieces are Mirror Paintings and his series Minus Objects. Mirror Paintings consisted of human scaled images applied to reflective steel. The use of steel and the reflections from the viewers of the work meant the paintings were breaking with traditions of figurative painting. The involvement of the viewer within the art evoked a link between art and life. Minus objects was a series of sculptures that offered psychological and physical experiences (Tate 2001:..). One sculpture Lunch Painting 1965 is a cross between a picnic table and chairs, a painting and a sculpture thus questioning traditions of painting and not creating objects as commodities. In an interview with Paola Noe Can Art still Save Our Souls? 2008 Pistoletto identifies the beginnings of his Mirror Paintings: The figure of a man seemed to come forward, as if alive, in the space of the gallery: but the true protagonist was the relationship of instantaneousness that was created between the spectator, his own reflection and the painted figure, in an ever-present movement that concentrated the past and the figure in itself to such an extent as to cause one to call their very existence into doubt: it was the dimension of time itself (Noe 2008: 64). Pistoletto distinguishes that the central theme of the work is the interactivity between the artwork and the spectator. He explains there are two different types of present the one of the reflections and the time the image was captured, the image captured is also in the past as a memory. Past, present and future are all involved in the piece in different combinations, the future being the continuation of visitors to the gallery. Noe considers Pistolettos Minus Objects foretold Bourriauds theory Relational Aesthetics. Pistoletto responded in agreement suggesting the theory was born from Minus Objects with which I moved from the diversity of objects to the diversity of people (Noe 2008: 67). He states by taking his work outside the gallery it opened up art to a wider audience and to the unconventional. However Bourriaud states that relational art is not a re-interpretation or revival of any art movement. Relational artists do not use social interaction because it is the trend at the time or as an accompaniment to their practice. The social interaction is the subject matter of their work, and also the outcome. Bourriaud contends that previous use of participation in art specifically in the 60s was concerned with the definition of art as its focus and not social interactivity. Bourriaud also comments that art in this period was creating utopian ideas of society unlike Relational Aesthetics that created existing spaces. Giovanni Anselmo is another artist from Arte Povera who worked with nature and phenomena, one example is his use of the physical force, gravity. These things play the part of content as well as material within his work. At the centre of his art which integrates nature, perception and philosophy stands the human being (Werd and Watkins 2005: 106). The human being is an integral part of Anselmos work, as the gallery goer is transformed into a participant. For example his work Invisible 1971 involved a projected light, if anyone came into contact with the light it would then project on to his or her body making the light visible. Anselmos work of the 1960s and 1970s is an exploration of the obvious connection between art and the difficulty of understanding the world around us. In relation to the important aspects of Arte Povera mentioned earlier in this chapter Anselmo tries to break traditions for example having his materials created by someone else removing the workmanship and the traditional idea of processes like stone carving. He makes the experience of the work more important rather than the intellect in the work. Anselmo is re-inventing things within nature and phenomenon whilst keeping the work simple and bridging the gap between art and life however not representing it. Anselmo states he tries to be real, noting how he finds it incredible to be on earth, walking about and lookingit is magic just to be here. And often one forgets that (Anselmo quoted in Werd and Watkins 2005: 112). Anselmo (1969) writes that he does not fix situations but keeps them open, as situations in real life are not fixed; they are in a constant state of change. Because energy exists in all guises and in all situations, to work with energy requires total freedom in choosing and using materials (Anselmo quoted in Christov-Bakargie 1999: 233). Jannis Kounellis was also an artist that was associated with Arte Povera, Kounellis questioned conventions and traditions within art and also made art that cannot be sold. He did this by using live animals within his work, such as parrots, horses and goldfish. When asked what it was that defined Arte Povera Kounellis responded by saying that there was little planning or rigidity involved, Not having any dogmatic paranoia, not starting from a manifesto, the acceptance of contradictions (Bellini 2007: 114). In his work Opposite (1967) Kounellis placed a variety of objects that contrasted within the gallery space, by doing this he created a theatrical environment in which visitors became more than viewers and instead were transformed into actors. Kounellis also created an installation Untitled (12 horses) the use of twelve horses was not just to contest consumer society, but also referenced historical painting and were seen to represent power and energy. The human senses were also impor tant to the Arte Povera artists in Kounelliss case he used smell. Nature as a theme is also included within his work, he often places fire within the work from quite aggressive jets of fire to a more intimate use of fire in candles. In an interview with Marisa Volpi (1968) and Kounellis discuss whether chance is a determinate factor with his work. Kounellis states that When you have a plan, there is the fixed idea of development. When you plan, you eliminate openness. (Kounellis quoted in Christov-Bakargie 1999: 248). Kounellis (1968 a) also reiterates an important aspect within Arte Povera and that is the intention to unite art and life. He demonstrates this unity through the transformation of the gallery into a theatre where real life and fiction merge (Tate). Kounellis (1968 b) explains that art should strive towards authenticity and by using this term he means an art that does not categorize itself within a product or tradition that it doesnt want to shed. He states the work should be defiant towards conventionality the artist then becomes a permanent disturbance (Kounellis quoted in Christov-Bakargie 1999: 248). It is also important however that the viewer also sees the work in this way they must react t o them as signs of otherness and as indications of unconventionality (Kounellis quoted in Christov-Bakargie 1999: 248). In an interview with Andrea Bellini, Kounellis speaks about several topics the first one explored is drama. Drama is a fundamental part in his work and this is because drama is the basis of his culture. Kounellis is asked to explain what drama is and replies, In Italy, wherever there is drama, there is a new perspective; everything new is dramatically new, the rest is not actually new (Bellini 2007: 112). Language is also referred to Kounellis feels the most important gesture he has ever made was when he broke away from the canvas and started to work outside of it, this allowed him realize more this gesture opened a world for me (Bellini 2007: 113). The approaches made by Kounellis and others within the Arte Povera movement have lead to the rethinking of the gallery space or as Kounellis (2007) states by considering intervention within the gallery has changed the rules of the game. For example the piece where he placed a mass of carbon in the corner of a room as a gesture showed a d ifferent way to use the gallery. He strongly believes that the gallery is not a place to purchase artwork. The artist must make work that is socially relevant and make a declaration at the same time.

Virginia Henderson’s Need Based Theory and Implications

Virginia Henderson’s Need Based Theory and Implications Virginia Henderson’s Need Based Theory and  Practice Implications Katherine Rose Virginia Henderson’s Theory of Principles and Practice of Basic Nursing Care According to Nicely and DeLario (2010) Virginia Henderson’s theory, Need Based, which is derived from the Principles and Practice of Nursing is a grand theory that focuses on nursing care and activities of daily living. This theory is appropriate to my future practice setting as a Family Nurse Practitioner within the Emergency Department or Fast Track/Urgent Care setting. This theory is applicable within this setting since â€Å"meeting patient needs in the areas of respiration, nutrition, elimination, body mechanics, rest and sleep, keeping clean and well groomed, controlling the environment, communication, human relations, work, play, and worship (Masters, 2015, p. 384), as these will be advanced nursing care areas that I will need to promote for my patients basic needs. Henderson’s Background and Theory Development Virginia Henderson, born in 1897, was a world renowned Nurse educator, researcher and author of many nursing textbooks whose career spanned 60 years; considered by many as the modern day Florence Nightingale (Masters, 2015). A profound change occurred in her life which was around the time of WW one, during this time her nursing experience evolved while in school which resulted in obtaining a bachelors and a masters in nurse education (Masters, 2015). This experience was able to help her see a vision for basic nursing care with patient focus on patient independence with activities of daily living (ADLs), being the basis of her framework and practice. Henderson became a professor at Yale University where she wrote many nursing textbooks that emphasized nursing care, studies, principles and practice (Masters, 2015). She was able to define her personal nursing theory and create the theory that focused on basic nursing care and patients ADL’s. Encouraged by her nursing research she was able to speak around the world and focused on an international approach for better patient care (Masters, 2015). According to Masters (2015) Virginia Henderson received several honorary degrees during her respectable nursing career which included the Christiane Reimann Prize from the International Council of Nursing. Possible Reference for Theory Due to Virginia Henderson being an author she received a position collecting, reviewing and chronicling every nursing research that has been published allowing her to write volumes on nursing research and studies (Vera, 2014a). This may have allowed her to come up with analytical applications on what nursing was and could have drawn her strengths and assumptions from her review of researched material. Some may say that Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs was the reference to her theory as the needs are somewhat similar of what actions or roles one may be or need assistance with in order for independence and wellbeing. Phenomenon of Nursing and Common Problems The common problems of Virginia Henderson’s need based theory, this theory outlines the 14 components of fundamental nursing care and interventions that patients have or use as part of their independence and ADLs (Masters, 2015). As a future APRN the common problems that are resolved are 14 components that maintain the patient’s physical functions, safety and maintaining a sense of wellbeing and finding oneself in relation to where they see themselves in life (Masters, 2015). Deductive Reasoning for Theory Virginia Henderson utilized scientific method which is considered deductive reasoning to come up with the needs based theory. Deductive reasoning allows for an inquiry decision to arrive at a solution to an issue, an action – reaction system where there is a cause to a component there will be an effect on the component, with independence on its own essence with or without external circumstances (Masters, 2015). According to Masters (2015), Virginia Henderson’s utilized the physical, emotional and mental (psychological components) to deductively arrive to this theory even though she did not intend to imply a new nursing theory; the theory is in relation to Maslow’s theory though Henderson was not aware but the 14 sub-concepts relate and coincide with Maslow’s. Explanation, Definition and Interpretation of Concepts and the Four Metaparadigms Henderson made an assumption of her work that it was not a nursing theory so she did not fully identify her concepts but researchers were able to come up with concepts from her work that actually follow the common metaparadigm’s of nursing which she included within her definition of nursing. According to Masters (2015), Virginia â€Å"did not intend to develop a theory of nursing, she did not develop the interrelated theoretical statements or operational definitions necessary to provide theory testability (p. 390)†. Concepts include person, environment, health and nursing. Person is defined â€Å"as the patient who is composed of biological, psychological, sociological, and spiritual components (Masters, 2015, p. 387)†. These compositional segments are not separate entities but help to assist the nurses towards interventions for the 14 components of care, the person and family are not separate either but are considered a whole item (Masters, 2015). Virginia Hende rson was able to keep all concepts of theory and definition consistent throughout since they overlapped and interrelated with each other to include a whole person aspect. Environment is important to a person’s perception of health and wellbeing but can also affect a person’s physical as well as mental wellbeing. Henderson identified a person’s environment as external elements that help to mold and shape an organisms life and physical change; three areas of environment that are important are biological, physical and behavioral (Masters, 2015). Biological includes anything that is living and breathing organism, such as flora and vertebrate, physical components like basic elements for life such as the sun, elemental chemicals and compounds. Both physical and biological elements work harmoniously together in symbiosis, when something changes it affects the whole ecological system and puts a strain on the symbiotic relationship of the physical and biological environment (Masters, 2015). Behavioral health influences the person and is the last component of environment; influencers include socioeconomic elements, political, cultural, and spiritual aspects. Health was not a component of Henderson concept that was clearly defined but Henderson did imply that health was in relation to one’s independence (Masters, 2015). Basically, the 14 components of basic needs relate to the persons health as health relates to independence with activities of daily living. Nursing is very clearly defined by Virginia Henderson and she has one of the best known definitions of nursing. According to Virginia Burggraf (2012) Virginia Henderson defined nursing as: the unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery (or peaceful death) that he would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will or knowledge. And to do this in such a way as to help him gain independence as rapidly as possible. As for advanced practice nursing fields Virginia Henderson was a proponent for nurses to be independent practitioners she may have not wanted full practice independence as she was not for nurses taking on what she perceived as physician duties such as diagnosis, treatment, and making judgment calls (Masters, 2015). Proposition of Concepts Masters (2015) suggest that nurses are viewed as a helper, assistant and companion to a patient’s health role and wellbeing. The relationship aspect is that when a patient is sick the nurse helps the patient to get better and recover, while the patient is in rehabilitation role the nurse assists the patients in achieving independence. Lastly the nurse is a companion during planning of care, goal setting, and preventive maintenance initiatives. Assumptions of Needs Theory According to Masters (2015) there are seventeen assumptions of the Needs theory that were implicated from Henderson’s theory they include: Nurses must assist people with illnesses; nurses must collaborate within an interdisciplinary team and become independent professionally from the physician; 14 concepts of nursing describe patient needs and complete nursing functions; goals are achieved with a symbiotic relationship between patient and nurse with health promotion as the nurses main goal; patient and family are one with mind and body being one within the person; assist patient with independence while the patient controls their physiological and psychological harmony; people function in health at all times and must maintain independence and relationships; people maintain health status with knowledge and awareness; illness effects environment conditions and nurses should maintain a safe environment; nurses must be culturally competent and must maintain best practice methods wh ile relying on evidence-based research methods. As explained above the four major concepts were defined by Virginia Henderson that also describes the four metaparadigm’s as Henderson theory is the foundation of nursing practice. Henderson theory does include sub-concepts which will be explained. These 14 sub-concepts are: normal respiration, proper nutrition and hydration, waste elimination and management, mobility for posture maintenance, sleep and relaxation, proper appearance and grooming, thermoregulation through external factors, safe environment and preventive injury, communicate emotional concerns and distress, spiritual worship, career leading to achievement, recreational activities, and utilization of health resources and using healthcare facilities (Vera, 2014b). These are all relevant elements to an APRN as these can be used within assessment towards finding the patient’s independence level and to assess patient’s assistance in obtaining or maintaining activities of daily living for basic needs (Mas ters, 2015). Theoretical Clarity and Applicability Virginia Henderson theory is very easily understandable and covers a broad range of nursing especially the APRN as independence was a goal for Henderson’s nursing goal besides patient’s health promotion. The definition of nursing is clear and very lucid and applicable to her assumptions and components of theory. Since it was not her motive to come up with a nursing theory consistency within the theory is adequate though death is not clarified as she maintains that nurses should be there for patient death and comfort but no suggestion as what one must do or grief assistance with the family and patient. Theory Sub-concepts in Practice and Guidance of Nursing Actions Utilizing Virginia Henderson’s basic needs theory and its 14 concepts will be beneficial in my practice as a new Family Nurse Practitioner. As I would like to work within the emergency department, putting into action clinical provider interventions would lead to examples such as: concept of breathing normally would lead me to administer my patient oxygen with an Albuterol treatment and treat with intravenous Solu-Medrol. Eating and drinking appropriately, proper nutrition is vital for diabetes management, weight management, heart health, wound healing, autoimmune disease, and patients overall health. Body waste removal, imbalanced removal of body waste can indicate if there is an organism illness such as C. difficile, being aware of normal elimination methods and treating with antifungals and antibiotics with probiotic treatment for maintenance for good gut health. Movement and mobility, it is important to maintain my patients independence so splinting fractures from sports injuries, or advising low impact exercise and flexibility exercises to arthritic and osteoporosis patients are crucial to my practice development. Sleep and relaxation is important sub-concept of Henderson theory, maintaining my patients sleep rhythm and patterns by decreasing external stimuli while my patient is in the ED at night, and providing privacy and comfort during the day and more importantly at night will allow a calmer and more enhanced patient experience. Dressing appropriately is important to the patient’s perception of physical self and wellbeing. Being able to dress independently is an important ADL, within the ER this can be seen when patient is able to wear a gown and apply it on themselves without assistance, providing them time to dress themselves without being an inconvenience to acuity. Body temperature regulation is important to the patient’s physical health, if a patient can not regulate their temperature heat blankets or mechanical regulated blankets like a Bair hugger can be applied to maintain proper thermoregulation. Clean body and protection of the skin, importance of promoting proper body hygiene and infection prevention practices and isolation procedures for my fellow employees and nurses and educate them to teach patients as well as family upon entering the ED and seeing the patient. Avoiding a dangerous environment, it is important to teach staff to transport patients within the ED and to other areas of the hospital is important for their physical health. Properly utilizing body mechanics, identifying fall risk patients intervening by locking bed and wheelchair wheels when necessary and maintaining a clean uncluttered patient room and hallway environment for patient safety. Communication with others about feelings, it is important to use interpersonal and therapeutic communication and as a future APRN it is vital for me to actively listen to my patients and fellow team. Being able to empathize with a patient can open up to psychiatric, emotional and social traumas one may have occurred during an assessment history intake and being able to empathetically listen while making a proper medical judgement call is important for patients wellbeing. Spiritual worship is important to the person’s mental and emotional wellbeing. As an APRN allowing others cultural and spiritual options influence their medical decision needs to be respected and nurtured as vital for the patients and families. Assimilation into the healthcare system that may or may not nurture their spiritual/cultural decision. This will increase my spiritual/cultural competence. Work that increases oneself worth, important for patients mental health, leads to feelings of independence. Allowing one to continue their work and hobby benefits them to feel independent and able to fulfill their ADL’s. So maintaining ones finger after a work related accident by suturing and referral or assistance with a plastic surgeon is important knowledge to maintain in allowing ones independence. Recreation activities benefits the patients physical health, some patients come to the ED after a sports injury so maintaining a sprain ankle by wrapping it and teaching the patient to utilize crutches and slowly introduce low impact, low weight bearing exercise while teaching proper NSAID administration is important in preserving my patients future recreational activities. Normal health development and its resources, when I become a new APRN learning the different patients and diagnosis I see and utilizing a cohesive interdisciplinary team who is more knowledgeable as a resource is important for best practices towards the patient for their optimum health. Conclusion Virginia Henderson’s needs theory is applicable to many disciplines of nursing with various practice scopes. Utilizing this theory and putting it into action within practice is very adaptable and allows one to reflect on their nursing competency when it involves maintaining a person’s health promotion and independence level. As stated by Masters (2015) with Henderson’s philosophy of applying best practice methods which involve evidence-based research, advanced practice application of theory can be a foundation for their nursing process. References Burggraf, V. (2012). Overview and summary: The new millennium: Evolving and emerging nursing roles. OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 17(2). doi:10.3912/OJIN.Vol17No02ManOS Masters, K. (2015). Models and theories focused on nursing goals and functions. In J. B. Butts, K. L. Rich (Eds.), Philosophies and theories for advanced nursing practice (2nd ed., pp. 377-407). Burlington, MA: Jones Bartlett Learning. Nicely, B., DeLario, G. T. (2011). Virginia hendersons principles and practice of nursing applied to organ donation after brain death. Progress in transplantation, 21(1), 72-77. Vera, M. (2014). Virginia henderson The first lady of nursing. Retrieved from http://nurseslabs.com/virginia-henderson/ Vera, M. (2014). Virginia henderson’s nursing need theory. Retrieved from http://nurseslabs.com/virginia-hendersons-need-theory/

Twitter: Protecting User Privacy Essay -- Twitter vs Government Survei

Social media has seen a significant number of stories that bring attention to failures in surveillance policies over the past decade. Time after time we hear about how surveillance technology is digging deeper and deeper into our personal information and is infringing on our rights more and more. It is important however to recognize successes in personal information protection and acknowledge achievements on behalf of the common population. As more and more attention is brought to surveillance the public is becoming better informed. As this trend progresses it is becoming more and more beneficial for social media companies to side with the individual and protect their user’s rights. Twitter is a social media company that has had success in protecting their users rights and working towards an open and transparent information environment. Between Twitter’s involvement with the Do Not Track program and their lawsuit against the United States Justice Department, the company models a successful social media surveillance strategy. In one of the articles I reviewed focused on how Edward Snowden, a United States citizen who leaked classified surveillance information, is a hero. The Edward Snowden case brought the issue of government surveillance to the forefront of American attention. This attention has put surveillance of all varieties under scrutiny from the American public. Some companies have adapted to this changing dynamic by opening up about surveillance policies and information. As the article from class argues, these efforts to provide more transparency about surveillance practices should be received in a positive light by the general population. Social Media sites, which cater to a variety of individuals, are especially interested in being perceived in a positive light by the general population. Practicing and striving for transparent practices and consumer protection are commendable efforts that the public will appreciate. Building a social media site around these efforts should be an effe ctive and profitable business strategy. (Cassidy) Twitter is presently suing the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Department of Justice over surveillance transparency concerns. (Ortutay) Earlier this month Twitter filed a nineteen page complaint with the government agencies that listed the complaints the social media company ha... ...en to be an attractive feature for providers of online services to have. Of course all of this is just steps in the pursuit of freedom from surveillance. As Mr. Frank says; â€Å"Transparency alone may not be enough to restore public confidence, but it’s a great place to start.† (Neal) Works Cited Cassidy, John. "Why Edward Snowden Is a Hero - The New Yorker." The New Yorker. N.p., 10 June 2013. Web. 29 Nov. 2014. . Hachman, Mark. "Twitter Joins 'Do Not Track' Initiative." PC Magazine (2012): 1. Business Source Premier. Web. 28 Nov. 2014. Nakashima, Ellen. "Twitter sues Justice Department over ability to disclose surveillance orders." Washington Post, The Aug. 0010: Business Source Premier. Web. 28 Nov. 2014 Neal, Ryan. "Facebook, Microsoft Release Data On NSA Surveillance; Google, Twitter Demand Greater Transparency." International Business Times 15 June 2013: Business Source Premier. Web. 29 Nov. 2014. Ortutay, Barbara. "Twitter Sues FBI, DOJ To Release More Information On Government Surveillance Of Its Users." Canadian Press, The (n.d.): Business Source Premier. Web. 28 Nov. 2014.

labor history :: essays research papers

UberFLAC v0.89 - tools to help with ÃÅ"berStandard 3.0/FLAC rips ============================================================== These rather hackish tools help with ÃÅ"berStandard 3.0/FLAC rips. FLACScript enforces and checks MD5 sums for FLAC rips, and does it better than oggscript. It also generates standard-compliant MD5 checksum files now, that anything else like md5sum or hksfv can check too. UberTrans allows you to safely transcode FLAC rips to the other UberStandard formats. Yes, it only works on FLAC. Deal with it, that'll never change. Instructions for installation: ============================== I apologise for the following rather unformatted drivel. I haven't had time, but the instructions are all here. I hope. 1. Install ActiveState ActivePerl: (5.8.2.808 here: http://downloads.activestate.com/ActivePerl/Windows/5.8/ActivePerl-5.8.2.808-MSWin32-x86.msi - later versions should work OK, check the website http://www.activestate.com/Products/ActivePerl/ for details, you do _not_ need to enter anything or register, use the latest Windows MSI build) 2. Create a new directory C:uber 3. Unpack this archive to the C:uber directory, so you have directories: C:uberutils C:uberripFLAC C:ubertransFLAC and C:ubertransAPS (and several others under trans, one for each format). 4. You need to put C:uberutils in your $PATH, do it like this: (instructions are for Windows XP, other versions may vary) a) Press WinKey+Pause/Break to bring up System Properties (alternatively, right-click My Computer and select Properties) b) Switch to Advanced tab c) Press Environment Variables button near the bottom of the dialog d) In the bottom half of this Environment Variables dialog is a system variables list. You'll see Path in there. Edit it; DO NOT overwrite everything in it. Your system needs that stuff, so be careful here and do exactly what I say: Press Home (go to the beginning), type "C:uberutils;" without the quotes EXACTLY, including that semicolon at the end (don't insert any spaces or anything!), and press Return. Your Path should look SOMETHING like this: c:uberutils;C:Perlbin;%SystemRoot%system32;%SystemRoot%;%SystemRoot%System32Wbem It may be longer or different, but it gives you an idea what to expect. e) Press OK in this dialog and OK again in the previous dialog to commit the changes. f) Reboot for the new changes to take effect. 7. WinKey+R (Run), type cmd, press return (to open a command prompt) for when you come back: ubertrans should give a nice version message. to rip in FLAC: set up to uberstandard with following tweaks. I recommend you don't open external compressor windows. Don't close EAC until you see there's NO compression tasks remaining (in the statusbar at the bottom), whatever you do... other than that, it's less trouble. You may also want to change ripping and encoding priority to Idle (it's a shame it doesn't support changing encoding priority to Idle but keeping ripping priority Normal, really).

Neo is God. :: essays research papers

ATLANTIC CITY - Atlantic City High School students Catrise Lackland and her partner Kevin Barksdale had a difficult task ahead. Their mission: teach free enterprise principles to a group of second-graders. "It's hard trying to get them to understand," Lackland said. "But everybody deserves a chance." Lackland and Barksdale are members of Atlantic City High School's new award-winning chapter of DECA - Distributive Education Clubs of America - a nationwide association of hospitality management and marketing students. A partnership between the Borgata and the Board of Education funds the program. Six of the 12 members of the local chapter are headed to DECA's national competition April 19-23 in Salt Lake City, Utah, where Lackland and Barksdale will present their work and other team members will receive leadership training. "For a first-year chapter to have done this well is exceptional," said teacher Pam Wilson, who works with the students. Local members already have won nine awards on the regional level. Lackland said she and Barksdale accomplished their goal through role-playing sessions at the Chelsea Heights School. The second-graders dressed up like McDonald's employees and had to deal with customer service and other issues. Both the children and the Chelsea Heights School staff loved it. "If you look at the state standards, one major strand is career development. A lot of times our young people come out of elementary school without any idea of what they want to do or even what career opportunities are available to them at the local, national and international levels," said Chelsea Heights Principal Diane Saunders. "These type of partnerships allow our students to think in that direction and prepare themselves." Atlantic City High School Principal LaGreta Brown also was pleased. "I attribute the success to the students and their teacher," Brown said. "I'm proud of them. It's absolutely wonderful." DECA falls under the high school's Academy of Hospitality and Marketing Careers, a component of the Atlantic City Jobs and Opportunities Program. The parent program was designed to provide employment for 2,000 unemployed and underemployed local residents through a commitment made to the city by Boyd Gaming and MGM Mirage, partners in the Borgata project. The Borgata is slated to open in 2003. The Borgata program includes five components: life and employability skills training, occupational skills training, professional development, building and construction trades apprentice programs and a youth program. "While the first four components address the employment needs of adults, we felt that it was important to focus on youth development activities to contribute to a continuous, ongoing system of workforce development in Atlantic City," said Eric Reynolds, who designed the Jobs and Opportunities program.

Nanogene Case

Graciela Rodarte FIN 425 Professor: Stephan Cutler November 8, 2012 NanoGene Technologies, Inc. In November 2001, the team of Tompkins Mark Masterson, Ravi Rhoota, and Gary Gary Garfield met to formally incorporate NanoGene. They discussed a number of important issues including equity splits, salaries, funding strategies, and naming Tompkins CEO. The founders decided a salary of $120,000 and split the equity equally. NanoGene closed a deal with an angel for $600,000, and their own stock would be 20% immediately, 20% at the end of the first year and the remaining 60% at the rate of 2% per month.In September 2002, Tompkins met with VCs seeking $10 million in series A financing. After doing several due diligences on the company, the VCs had serious issues with the decisions the founders had made. First, it was the large founding team, the fact that split the equity equally, the salary, and none of them had experience as a Chief Scientific Officer of an established firm. According to the VCs CEOs usually have 7 to10% equity and makes about $250,000 salary, and senior scientist $95,000.Another issue that the founders had was that they wanted to hire Miller as VP but they were not agree with the salary she was asking. Mean while she agreed to do some consulting projects for NanoGene. Miller did help the team do some hiring process and with the compensation policy. Evaluate the founders’ decisions regarding the split of equity and compensation level. The decision of the split equity, and compensation seemed fair when NanoGene was founded. As the case stated, Will Tompkins did not see himself more important than his co-founders, and because they all started together and were agreed about it.But once the founders started working, things changed as they performed different duties and responsibilities. I t is logic that salaries and compensation should go according to their performance in the company. There exist guidelines to follow on how NanoGene should go with the market salary for the some jobs. In terms of the compensation level, it can be considering as a no dynamic. It would be better to consider multiple options for compensations that would be a dynamic workforce. As a potential investor, these decisions would be a concern for me.When doing evaluation of the potential company the distribution of salaries among the founders is important because as an investor I would see the CEO as not aggressive enough to run the company and who is not ready or willing to take appropriate salary. Also would see the CEO as not being confident with his ability, which it would be important for the business to be successful. Evaluation of the size and composition of the founding team. It is a problem when the founding team at NanoGene is larger than the average team.Also it is relevant that when trying to negotiate with a big group of founders brings disagreements between founders and investors. It is clear and easy to deal with one or two people than wi th a group of people that would have different opinions and points of views. Furthermore, there could negative results as none of the founders have any business experience. It would be logic that when creating a company at least one of the founders has some experience. In terms of the composition of the founding team, it would be better if the founders own different amounts to make the correct decision control.There is a big difference between being a founder and early employees. A founder owns percentage of equity, has more ties to the company, does the job by directing, works harder, has to be involved with meetings of the company, and it is uncertainly the time in terms of getting pay. While the early employee just has opinions, does the work, have less risk, and get pay from day one. Evaluate Paige Miller as an addition to the team, the addition of Paige Miller to team would be a great value to the company since she had the experience in management and operations field that none of the founders would have to manage NanoGene.As Will said, Paige would contribute a lot the company doing the job of management while the founders can focus on the science. In terms of her compensation demands, salary and equity are reasonable since she asked and knew what her market value is. She had ample knowledge of her work and how much she worth. As such, her compensation demands are logic, and I would hire her if she would contribute and bring value to the company and need her. I would not be hesitating paying what she asked. But since NanoGene is a developing company, hiring Paige would be not necessary, and also would be loss of fund at this time.Consequently I would probably hire her to do some consulting projects for NanoGene. Assess the company’s progress on each of the specific issues discussed in the last section of the case: In the hiring process, first of all it would be better that each senior scientist identifies the position and skills needed for his or h er department. This way the scientist can have an idea and the vision of the person they need. In order to recruit the potential employee, NanoGene needs the process of doing advertising through news paper, web-site or/and job fairs. In the process of interviewing is the decision to select the most qualified candidate.The compensation policy provides a set of basic principles and guidelines that are designed to enforce end direct the company. NanoGene should comprise with more options basing on the potential candidates’ backgrounds and experience. Also it is very important to set clear goals for each department, and give some freedom which would be the successful of each employee as well as for the company’s future. Also the company’s culture is very important to maximize its ability and achieve its strategic objectives as NanoGene must understand its ideal culture. This would be helpful when doing interviews to better accomplish its needs.As culture encourages employees to work hard but also to have fun while doing so. Furthermore its culture entails respect for others employees in terms of understanding the company’s culture works reciprocal with strategic NanoGene was founded with a large group of members, salaries and split were unusual way, and they were pure scientists but none of them had experience as CEO. The team should reduce the number of the members, and hire someone who has ample experience as Chief Scientific Officer. Also change the salary and split based on the guides in order to be performance oriented and be successful business.

Multisensor Strategies to Assist Blind People Using Gsm

MULTISENSOR STRATEGIES TO SUPPORT BLIND PEOPLE USING GSM Abstract: The development of electronic sensing devices for the visually impaired requires knowledge of the needs and abilities of this class of people. In this project we present a rough analysis that can be used to properly define the criteria to be adopted for the design of such devices. In particular, attention will be focused on clear-path indicators, highlighting their role in orientation and mobility tasks. A new device belonging to this class is presented. The detector is based on a multisensor strategy and adopts smart signal processing to provide the user with suitable information about the position of objects hindering his or her path. Experimental trials demonstrate the efficiency of the device developed. Introduction: About 1% of the human population is visually impaired, and amongst them about 10% is fully blind. One of the consequences of being visually impaired is the limitations in mobility. For global navigation, many tools already exist. For instance, in outdoor situations, handheld GPS systems for the blind are now available. These tools are not helpful for local navigation: local path planning and collision avoidance. The traditional tools, i. e. the guide dog and the cane, are appreciated tools, but nevertheless these tools do not adequately solve the local navigation problems. Guide dogs are not employable at a large scale (the training capacity in the Netherlands is about 100 guide dogs yearly; just enough to help about 1000 users). The cane is too restrictive. The goal of this research is to develop a wearable tool that assists the blind to accomplish his local navigation tasks. Fig shows the architecture of the proposed tool. It consists of a sensory system controlled by the user. The primary data needed for local navigation is range data (which is not necessarily obtained from visual data alone; at this point, the type of sensors is still an open question). The mapper converts the range data into map data. The local map is the input to a warning system that transforms the map data into a form that is suitable for communication. In order to give the blind person freedom of movement, he must be able to control the focus of attention of the sensory system. For hat purpose, the tool must be provided with a man-machine interface Block diagram: Ultrasonic sensor Object detect sensor circuit Alarm MAX 232 Microcontroller At89C2051 GSM module RF Tx RF Encoder RF Rx Decoder DSP Speech IC Head phone Amplifier The ultimate goal of this project is to provide an electronic tool for the local navigation task of the blind. The tool must provide information about the dire ct surroundings of the blind to enable him to move around without collisions. We assume that, although mostly unknown, the environment does have some structure such as in an urban outdoor situation (e. . a street), or in an indoor situation: smooth floors, now and then a doorstep, stairs, walls, door openings and all kind of objects that possibly obstruct the passage. We start with three sensor types: stereovision, optical flow, and sonar. Preliminary research has shown that other types of sensors are also of interest, e. g. ladar, radar and infrared (detection of people and traffic). The system should be expandable such that the information from these types of sensors can be integrated easily in a later stage of the project. Functioning overview of this Projects: 1) Whenever the blind want go to particular place, before that he will set the path through mobile. 2) Wherever he wants to go he has to carry this system. 3) When he is going out his system will communicate to house through GSM. 4) After receiving the data from blind system, it will communicate through voice using head phone. 5) This same data will send to house by GSM. 6) The house members can monitor the blind through mobile and which street, which area he is going. ) This system will support the blind and the children also. 8) The ultrasonic will support the blind distance of each object. 9) RF will support the path name, signal identification. Advantages: 1) Automation of all Customers to communicate through remote GSM using mobile. 2) Save data using automatic control systems. 3) Less cost to communicate. 4) Less power to automate. 5) Increase Safety. 6) To increase n number of person to communicate and automate. 7) Easy and fast identific ation system. Future scope: The application of this project to help navigate people around unknown places has a large scope of development in the field of technologies it uses. With the advancement in the technology, readers are getting smaller and faster with greater ability to self program. Conclusion: We made an attempt to create a prototype for assisting blind people to sense the objects around them so that we can reduce the probability of collisions. More over by using more efficient and reliable components we can make a reliable one which effectively visualizes the blind people. 1.

A Modest Proposal: Cannibalism

I feel that Jonathan Swift’s piece of work could be used and interpreted different with each and all audiences alike. There is a whole bunch of information to interpret. How Swift, looks at children not as individuals, but as animals used to be sold to the rich as food. Swift’s work is very dark in this piece, with regard to selling of children for food. And with regards to Ireland’s economic advancements actually depend on it. He urges all other people to think that children could be sold in different styles and makes mention of how they could be prepared as a fine food dish. Swift’s states, â€Å"A young healthy child well nursed, is, at a year old, a most delicious nourishing and wholesome food, whether stewed, roasted, baked, or boiled; and I make no doubt that it will equally serve in a fricassee, or a ragoust. † Now normally if I can’t pronounce it I don’t use it or order it to eat, but these last two ways of preparing the children as food sounds as if a dish the rich would order. To me it sounds like Swift has rather expensive taste for lavish habits and tendencies. I think we can almost compare life in Ireland back then to today. All though there aren’t people selling their children to have the rich feast on their bones, or do I think it will come to that but it is close to our nation’s economic struggle. Our economy wouldn’t allow the selling of children of children to feed the rich. I do believe Ireland was in a lot worse shape than we currently are. They had no renewable resources such as fruits and vegetables to fall back on the way we do. They also didn’t have the amount of import and export trade that we have on our side. Swift constantly throughout his story states that selling the children to the rich is the only solution to the countries hard economic times. He even talks that all the families should consider fattening up the smaller children. Also Swift also makes mention of overpopulation and well makes a suggested solution to this crisis. He proclaims that children at the age of one can be sold to meat markets, thus helping the crisis of over population and in turn saving the parents of the children the cost of raising and providing for that child. Parents, who participated in this crazy idea, would pull the nation out of its current economic struggle. And that’s not all he then talks about how parents who helped out with his proposal how it would affect home life. Husbands would grow to respect wives better. What? I don’t know at all how this could possibly be something that could have a positive impact on a family what so ever. I think that Swift tries to persuade his readers that this is the only option for Ireland and its survival, in a dog eat dog world. He then starts stating statistics, he mentions of 120,000 some Irish children born in a year, that 20,000 should be kept for breeding and the continuance of the Irish legacy. And what’s even better is that a quarter of these choosing few, are to be males, are you serious 5,000 boys and the rest girls. This brings a question to my mind, what was the deciding factor that kept the child to be raised or sold. What tops the cake once more is that he says one boy for a total of four girls. I believe this contradicts his husband respecting the whole wife thing early in the paper. Swift goes on later to explain the idea of cannibalism should not stop at children, but instead its countries enemies, or even political figures. The idea of a nation such as Ireland cannibalizing its own population and natural resources sickens me. I would bat an eye at the thought of eating my son, or selling him off to the butcher to be slaughtered and sold. Swift goes on in this story to talk of common practices and courtesies. He talks that if Irish poor are to be married, and have a family, the family should refrain from domestic violence in and throughout the family, and love and cherish family. I serious think that this guy had dual personalities, he so many different stories to each situation. Possibly he was bi-polar or maybe he used some opium or something of that nature. I don’t think Swift had financial problems what so ever. Swift goes on in his work and states that he admits that this will drastically reduce the Irish population, but other nations should not practice this idea in their cultures. He considers it a â€Å"healthy patriotism†, and goes on to say that the children that are to be butchered should stay domestically and not be exported. This would keep other nations from wanting to overtake the Irish population and decimate the whole society and Irish culture. In Jonathan Swift’s work you can tell he is rather upset with Ireland’s politicians and the wealthy. You can also see that he is upset at the general population of the poor. He is angry at the poor population because they have made no plans or have no intentions to get out of the downward spiral their country is in. I wonder if he wrote this piece as a way of making the general population consider in participating in cannibalization, as an act to blow the whistle in a sense to make the politicians act on the current situation at hand in their times.

Divorce Is Always Bad for Children Essay

One of the most frequently asked questions â€Å"Is divorce harmful to children? †. There are numerous discussions about the effects of divorce on children and most people and researches say that divorce has a negative influence on children. These children have more psychological and behavioral problems than children who live in married two-parent families. I agree with that because I think that normal psychological development and well-being of children are directly connected with whether the children grow up in divorced families or in married two-parent families. There are many factors that account for why children in divorcing families may have difficulties, but I would like to focus on some of them such as parental loss and life stress. Firstly, both parents are important for children, giving emotional support and practical assistance. Children who grow up in two-parent families are happier and have a greater well-being because they live in the atmosphere of love, care and attention from both parents. Each parent gives their children their knowledge, skills and nurture that are important for the formation of children’s personality. Divorce often results in the loss of contact with one parent and therefore a loss of the knowledge, skills and emotional support of that parent. Secondly, divorce of parents is a big stress for children. They knew only one world where their mother and father was a unit. But after divorce life is changed, their world is destroyed and as result they feel pain and further carry painful memories. There are other psychological problems connected with changing residence, conditions of living, changing the school, loss of friends. As a result, children need to adjust to a new life that is obviously a big emotional stress for them. Moreover, children may be faced with inadequate attitudes of other children who live in two-parent families. Children may feel a stress from understanding of such inequality that may lead to a problem when they may became an asocial. All of the abovementioned factors usually may lead to aggressive behavior of children or their depression, and parents may be faced with difficulties how to manage this. In summary, it is apparent that divorce has a negative influence on children, not only in their childhood but also on their future; because some researches have proved that most adults who grow up in divorced families often keep the painful memories in their mind for many years. The risk of negative influence on children may be reduced, if both parents try to keep the friendly relationship between them and maintain the level of support for their children before divorce. Both parents should participate in their children’s nurture equally and show them their love and care.

Annotated Bibliography For The Topic Affect Of Fast Food Restaurant

For The Topic Affect Of Fast Food Restaurant - Annotated Bibliography Example Angell, Sonia Y., et al. "Change in trans fatty acid content of fast-food purchases associated with New York City's restaurant regulation: A pre–post study." Annals of internal medicine 157.2 (2012): 81-86. The article evaluates the connection between the consumption of fast food and metabolic syndrome and its components in young people in adolescence stage and children. The article finds out that there is no major connection between fast food consumption and other components of metabolic syndrome. However, fast food consumption can lead to metabolic syndrome, abdominal obesity, and hypertriglyceridemia. The article is critical for this research as it explains the effect of fast food restaurants such as abdominal obesity among others. The investigation shows the influence of visual information cues and fat content on the choice of food in fast food restaurants. The study examines the connection between fast-food restaurants that are near schools and obesity students who study in California schools. The study reveals that students' exposure to fast food can affect adolescents regarding eating patterns and weight. The study shows that there is a need for policy intervention to limit the nearness of fast-food restaurants to schools. The article is relevant to this research since it reveals the effect of fast food on the weight of primary and secondary students. The article makes a connection between the consumption of fast food items and their effect on health. It reveals that fast food may lead to negative health outcomes such as cardiovascular disease, obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes. The article is very relevant to the research as it looks at the effect of the various contents of fast food on human beings.