Ideology of Pakistan Essay Example for Free

Ideology of Pakistan EssayThe ideology of Pakistan stems from the instinct of the Muslim community of southernmost Asia to maintain their individuality by resisting in all attempts by the Hindu society to absorb it. Muslims of South Asia believe that Islam and Hinduism are not only two religions, but also two social baseball clubs that dumbfound given birth to two distinct cultures with no similarities.The ideology of Pakistan took shape by means of an evolutionary process. Historical experience provided the base with Sir Syed Ahmad Khan began the period of Muslim self-awakening Allama Iqbal provided the philosophical explanation Quaid-i-Azam translated it into a political reality and the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan, by passing Objectives Resolution in March 1949, gave it legal sanction. It was due to the acknowledgment of Muslims of South Asia that they are different from the Hindus that they demanded separate electorates. When they realized that their future in a De mocratic India dominated by Hindu majority was not near they put forward their demand for a separate state.As early as in the beginning of the 11th century, Al-Biruni observed that Hindus differed from the Muslims in all matters and habits. He further elaborated his argument by writing that the Hindus considered Muslims Mlachha, or impure. And they forbid having any connection with them, be it intermarriage or any other sting of relationship. They even avoid sitting, eating and drinking with them, because they feel polluted.Read morePolitical Issues in PakistanThe Ideology of Pakistan has its roots deep in history. The history of South Asia is largely a history of rivalry and conflict amid the Hindus and Muslims of the region. Both communities have been living together in the same area since the early eighth century, since the advent of Islam in India. Yet, the two have failed to develop harmonious relations. In the beginning, one could find the Muslims and Hindus struggling for supremacy in the battlefield. Starting with the war between Muhammad bin Qasim and Raja Dahir in 712, armed conflicts between Hindus and Muslims run in thousands. Clashes between Mahmud of Ghazni and Jaypal, Muhammad Ghuri and Prithvi Raj, Babur and Rana Sanga and Aurangzeb and Shivaji are cases in point. When the Hindus of South Asia failed to establish Hindu Padshahi through force, they opted for back door conspiracies. Bhakti Movement, Akbars diversion.IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTANWHAT IS AN IDEOLOGY? A political ideology is a system of beliefs that explains and justifies a preferred political order, either be or proposed and offers a strategy (Institution, processes, program) for its attainment. An ideology offers an interpretation of the past, explanation of the present and a vision of the future Ideology is a set of beliefs, values and ideals of a group and a nation. It is deeply ingrained in the social consciousness of the people. It is a set of principles, a framework of action a nd guidance system that gives order and meaning to life and human action.HOW IDEOLOGY EMERGES When thinking of a nation or a social group is rejected. An ideology emerges when people feel strongly that they are being mistreated under an existing order, when their status is threatened by fundamental changes occurring in the society, and when the prevailing ideology no longer satisfies them steps OF IDEOLOGY EVOLUTIONo Consciousnesso Analysis of current situationo Creating new thinkingo Legitimate De-legitimateo persona of LeadershipIMPORTANCE OF IDEOLOGY It is a motivating force It provides a common plate form.

Extending Hospitality to Travelers with Disabilities Essay Example for Free

Extending Hospitality to Travelers with Disabilities EssayIn terms of sampling, ODO narrowed its definition of an adult with a disability. We wanted the disability to be permanent, and we wanted to cover the full range of physically limiting disabilities, shares Turk. But we didnt want to include those with mental or emotional disorders. Harris synergistic identify an adult with a disability participant by using a variation of the 2000 U. S. Census questions. In the U. S. Census, a disability was defined as blindness, deafness, or a condition that substantially limits one or more basic physical activities such as walking, climbing stairs, reaching, lifting, or carrying. (Cooper, Schindler 2004) For purposes of the study conducted by Harris Interactive and Open Door Organization, the definition is sufficient. However, the inclusiveness or narrowness of the definition of disability must be pertinently elucidated during application of the result of the case study. 2. Analyze the look into designs various components. Identify any potential problems and explain the ramifications of these design issues. Identify potential strengths of the design. (a) Focus Groups 13 participants for 2 session in ODO offices. An interim, preliminary step to flesh out critical issues.to understand the right language to clarify. Issues that is useful, efficient and efficacious. The participants are in-house, there is greater, maximum control of the group as they are very much accessible. The problem is that the randomness of the disabilities of the participants does not cover the entirety of the disability characteristics that entrust have to be studied. (b) Questonnaire Design by unlike Participants From All Stakeholders (the hospitality industry, the other organizations interacting with disability issues) this is a very good strategy, inspite of the trials and errors encountered in the question designing stages.The inputs of the widest range of stakeholders in disability issues will set the best and the most profound aspect of the case being studied (c) Combination of Interactive Online and Tele echo Interviews this is also an efficient process because it can honestly and concretely reach out to the variable disabled person who might have demarcations in one way or the other on all communication method. 3. What is a hybrid (dual-modality) methodology? What are the pros and cons of the hybrid methodology used in this study?The dual modality methodology utilizes two types of locus or means or tools to achieve results. In this study of ODO in analyzing the needs of persons with disability in their tour, travel and leisure, studying the respondent participants both via the profit and via the telephone is a comprehensive process. It was important to use both to achieve a representative sample, shares Laura Light, research director at Harris Interactive on the ODO study. 11 During analysis, HarrisInteractive addresses the dual methodologies by weighti ng the data using a proprietary weighting process. All Harris Interactive polls are weighted by demographics to ensure the sample is representative. But with online studies, we use propensity weighting as well, explains Light. Online participants tend to be better-informed, so Harris Interactive uses responses to attitudinal and behavioral questions to weight online participants responses compared to those of persons they speak with by phone.Propensity weighting12 adjusts responses of an individual online participant based on national data about that individuals likelihood to be online. Generally, either way the pleader of the go off does not see the respondent. The interaction is conclusive only on the basis of what is typed online or verbally relayed on the telephone. So, there is still the possibility of limitation as to the astuteness of response maybe due to the attitude of just getting over it. Surveys are helped both by the concrete verbal or written response and the body language.The advantage though of utilizing the technical communication medium (internet and telephone) is that the survey is conducted expeditiously, in a wider scale. 4. Francie Turk had no prior experience with researching Americans with disabilities. give birth you have similar background what would you have done in the exploratory phase of this project to become familiar with the frustrations and hurdles that adults with disabilities face when traveling? canvass your research process with what ODO did. What could ODO have gained from incorporating your methods?I will first conducted background research on disabilities and persons with disabilities. I will take one sample space that persons with disabilities are involved with for background study. For example, grocery or supermarket activities that PWDs are involved with. Then, I will utilize focus groups at least indoors my state. Tedious it may be and a longer period will be required, focus group discussions would still be a more effective coverage of the objectives of the study. ODO will gather more comprehensive responses and results from personal discussions. 5.Brainstorm lists of potential hotel, restaurant, and rental car accommodations to be evaluated for adults with disabilities and create your own paired-comparison question. During a phone interview, how quickly could you cover this question? What are the advantages and disadvantages to using this measurement scale in the phone survey in comparison to using it in the online survey? The questions will have to further dwell on their experiences on space allocated and passage ways for PWDs in hotel and restaurants. Also, the distinctive menu tools that they have been presented in choosing their meals.As far as hotel rooms are concerned, the participants will be made to deliberate on the added technology that rooms are accentuated with (like remote controls for dismissal and air conditioning or heating) The survey will be conducted within 20 min utes maximum via telephone. Between the internet and telephone venues, the telephone will better serve the purpose because it is more live and more interactive.ReferenceCooper, Schindler Pamela S. Open Doors Extending Hospitality to Travelers with Disabilities. Business Research Methods, 10/e

The Escape Essay Example for Free

The Escape EssayThe text under consideration is the short story The Escape written by a famous English writer Somerset Maugham. The story deals with the springs speculation of the question of marriages, especially the possibility of men to escape it. on that point is no exposition, therefore we can only guess by the contents where and when the settings set on. At the beginning of the text the antecedent expresses his conviction that only an irregular flight can save a man from a woman, if she made up her mind to marry him. Further on the author recollects a movement when even such(prenominal) flight couldnt save the poor man. The author passes on to another story of a man, whose name was Roger Charing, who managed to extricate himself in such circumstances. The author introduces to us a girl Ruth Barlow whom he fell in love with, draws special attention to her eyes and the impression they made on men. He also depicts the misery of the girls life, as everyone treated her ver y badly and nothing ever went right with her.Further on the author disclosed some information concerning Ruths character, mainly from the point of view of the narrator. The author touches upon Rogers attitude to her, saying that he was very happy, for he committed a good action and at the same time did something he had very much a mind to. In the next changeover the author suddenly changes the mood of the narration saying that Roger fell out of love. He points out Rogers intentions not to let Ruth marry him by any means.But then the author dwells upon the difficulty of the situation he was in, because now he realized what sort of woman he had to deal with. aft(prenominal) that the author describes the method that Roger used to get rid of Ruth he said that until they found a perfect house they wouldnt get married. The author points out that it took years for them to search for the suitable house, they visited thousands of them, but still couldnt find anything. The author shows the change in Ruths mood as the years go by she becomes more and more irritated, disappointed and even angry.The author describes the outcome of this story in two letters one from Ruth, in which she tells that she found some other man who is willing to marry her. The other letter is the Rogers reply, in which he pretends to be shocked and depressed by this news, and sends to her another list of houses that will suit her perfectly. Precis The short story The Escape by Somerset Maugham is a humorous and witty narration approximately Roger Charing who managed to escape from Ruth Barrow that had made up her mind to marry him.Being old enough and having much experience, Roger decided to use the search of a perfect house as an excuse not to marry her, until she understood that he didnt love her and found another man to marry. Gist Roger Charing, a character of the story The Escape by Somerset Maugham, once fell in love with Ruth Barrow, but later his love disappeared and in effect not to le t her marry him, he made searches of a perfect house last endlessly, until she decided to leave him.

Video Games Cause Violence And Behavior Problems Psychology Essay

Video Games Cause Violence And Behavior Problems Psychology EssayOne of the major concerns is that they growing the nature of madness among the youth. The Harvard medical check or the Journal of adolescent health, as well as the British medical journal accept think that there is a huge link between television game and violence. Studies have pointed towards a typical pattern between impression game and ostracize behavioral/attitude problems associated with them. A research by the University of Indiana in the US, involving a brain scanning of some those who were postulated in playing vehement word-painting games positively indicates a correlation between the cutthroat behavior and the game they played. The research confirmed a substantial increase in the ostracise emotions of those who played some violent game as comp atomic number 18d to those who either did not play any games or those who played a non-violent game. According to author Vince Mathews, pargonnts should dat e more closely at the types of games their children are playing.Third separate Second argumentVideo games cause addiction and induce children to remain glued to the solace for substantially longer period of time which often results in their giving up other activities. Perhaps excess of anything is bad and characterization games are no exception. In his article Video Games Addiction, Media literacy specialist, Dr. Charles Ungerleider states that if a youngster becomes addicted to video games it can be a problem. According to him practicing or making effort to touch excellence in playing might not be an issue by itself, but it certainly becomes worrying if video games create hindrance in youngsters other tasks. He recommends parents or guardians intervention to create a balance in all their wards activities. According to Mary Schlimme in a 2002 article titled Do We Need a Video Gamers Anonymous? Video game addicts are often described by clinicians in the field as displaying umptee n symptoms characteristic of other addictions. According to her article, Addiction includes such behavior as failure to stop playing games, difficulties in work or school, telling lies to love ones, decreased attention to personal hygiene, decreased attention to family and friends, and disturbances in the sleep cycle. Schlimme quotes Dr Orzack that many game addicts have struggled with finding their place in society and as a result play video games in order to become part of a crowd. She emphatically states excessive video game playing whitethorn not only cause behavioral and social changes in a person, but it may to a fault result in neurological changes.Fourth paragraph third argumentEven if video games and videos do not directly create killers and murderers out of the young people they may tend to throw towards insensitiveness and indifference towards violence. This is worrying because it may change the profile of the society in the longer run. In an article published in the Ti me Magazine on 10th May 1999 author and editors Joshua Quittner, Maryanne Buechner and Jay Ehrlich say The question isnt whether games make children kill, because it isnt that simple. The concerns are subtler yet no less worrisome. Do graphically violent games desensitize children to violence? Do such games teach kids to take pleasure in the suffering and death of others? Nicholas Carnagey, an Iowa State psychology instructor and Iowa State University Professor of Psychology Craig Anderson and brad Bushman published an article The Effects of Video Game Violence on Physiological Desensitization to Real-Life Violence in the Journal of Experi psychic Social Psychology. In this paper, the authors explain the state of insensitivity towards violence a reduction in emotion-related physiological reactivity to real violence. Their latest take up involves testing of college students. According to the study The results demonstrate that playing violent video games, even for just 20 minutes, ca n cause people to become less physiologically aroused by real violence. According to the article It appears that individuals who play violent video games habituate or get used to all the violence and eventually become physiologically numb to it.Fifth paragraph Transition ParagraphSupporter of the video games do not seem to take the issues seriously. Despite this overwhelming evidence that video game causes violence and problems in many children and among the youth, there are supporters who believe that there are advantages to video games in to daytimes society. Key finding states in a research titled Internet Fantasy Violence A Test of Aggression in an Online Games carried out in 2005 by Williams, D. Skoric, M there was no outlet on levels of aggressiveness or in belief and behaviors of the gamers who were engaged in a violent massive multiplayer online role-playing game. Cheryl K. Olson, professor of Psychiatry at the Harvard medical examination Schools Center for Mental Health and Media, in her 2004 article in the Journal Academic Psychiatry Media Violence Research and Youth Violence Data why Do TheyConflict? e carries out a comparison about between violence contained in variant modern-day video games and in day to day real-life. She states there is no evidence that targeted violence has increased in Americas schools. While such attacks have occurred in the past, they were and are extremely rare events. She goes on to spell out that, Theres no indication that violence rose in lockstep with the spread of violent games. In 2002 Dr. Van Eeenwyk of the Washington State Department of Health presented information indicating that afterwards controlling for psychosocial factors, association between aggression and playing video games was not statistically significant. Massachusetts Institute of Techonology professor Hennery Jenkins says, 90 pct of boys and 40 percent of girls play video games. The overwhelming majority of kids who play do NOT commit antisocial acts. And, the strongest risk factor for school shootings centered on mental stability and quality of basis life, not media exposure. Critics claim that video games are addictive has also been refuted by some supporters of the video games. In a answer to a proposal in 2007 to brand video game addiction as a mental health issue similar to the addiction to alcohol, doctors and supporters of video games opposed the proposal. The supporters say that there is no evidence to indicate a proper basis for any such theory. These same supporters of video games argue that video game, computer and television are not only an excellent medium of imparting knowledge to and education to children, but also they assist the pupils with their studies at home as well as in the educational institutions. According to psychologists video games are a good means of mental exercise for the children who play these games. In many video games, in order to win, the player needs to have a good strategic thinkin g. This is something that is generally not available at the school in the form of an academic subject. Some of the mental exercise and knowledge obtained through using video games include the art of coordination between a childs nerve center and his/her hand.Some supporters of video games say that video games teach children to plan and build their strategic thinking. Steven Johnson, author of Everything Bad is Good For You How Todays Popular Culture is Actually devising Us Smarter, calls this telescoping. Gamers must deal with immediate problems while keeping their long-term goals on their horizon.Sixth paragraph Refutation of opponents counter- argumentWhile there are researchers and supporters who claim that the video games do not have an effect on the increase in aggression and violence in the behavior of the gamers, yet those researches and studies are not based on modern scientific lines. Those studies are not as comprehensive and as scientific as those carried out by Craig A nderson, David Grossman or others. The supporters studies are generalized and are based more on hypothetical basis rather than actual scientific methodology. As proven by the various researches quoted above, their findings are flawed.Seventh paragraph Refutation of opponents counter- argumentSupporters of the video games say that video games are healthy and educational. They claim video games provide children with quality mental exercise. In several games, in order to win, the player must possess good strategic thinking and be swift with his skills. However, the fact is that addiction to video games causes not only health and other problems, including social ones, but also results in poor school results and grades, lack of concentration to academics and class activities. The critics have always disputed this claim about video games contributing to health and education. Dr. Louis Kraus of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and a psychiatrist at mission Universi ty Medical Center, has stated The more time kids spend on video games, the less time they will have socializing, the less time they will have with their families, the less time they will have exercising. They can make up academic deficits, but they cant make up the social ones, he said. As a result of this, one in ten youths, may be suffering from family, social, school or psychological damage. In several studies it has been clearly proved that the youth under examination had problems concentrating on academics and their school routine, as a result of which not only they lost grades at the school but also were subject to some severe health issues including depression.Final paragraph Conclusion. Based on the above research it is clearly evident that violent video games contribute to the aggressive and violent behavior and addiction to video games. However, considering some of the advantages of the video games, their use must not be prohibited. Parents and guardians should do the foll owing to reduce the effect of violence.Monitor video game play the same way one needs to monitor television and other media.Parents are responsible to be kind, harming but at the same time attentive and firm to properly discipline their wards. An aggressive child is more a product of dysfunctional parenting than anything else, including violent games and TV.To avoid possibilities of addiction, parents should attempt to provide a variety of entertainment to their children. It would be a good idea to make sure that children read quality books, involve themselves in sports and interact with other children and their friends.

Business Disaster Recovery Plan

Business Disaster Rec all overy PlanDISASTER RECOVERYBusiness continuity programs are designed to mention a disdain up and running in the face of a disaster, but unfortunately, they dont always work. Sometimes, continuity controls fail or the sheer magnitude of a disaster overwhelms the organizations capacity to continue trading operations. Thats where disaster recovery begins. Disaster recovery is a subset of personal credit line continuity activities designed to restore a business to rule operations as quickly as likely chaseing a disruption.The disaster recovery plan may include1. Immediate measures that get operations up and running again temporarily, but the disaster recovery effort is not finished until the organization is completely back to normal operations.2. Initial answer following an Emergency disruption to an Organisation is designed toContain the damage caused by the disaster.Recover whatever capabilities that can be immediately restored. Include a variety of ac tivities depending upon the nature of the disaster and may include activating an alternate processing facility, containing physical damage or calling in contractors to begin an necessity response.During a disaster recovery effort, the focus of most of the organization shifts from normal business activity to a concentrated effort to restore operations as quickly as possible.But before we go into detailed recovery plan, we need to consider risk assessment (RA) and business impact analysis (BIA) to rank the IT services that support the academy critical business activities. Which we forget then establish the recovery time objectives (RTOs) and recovery point objectives (RPOs).The recovery time objective, or RTO, is the targeted amount of time that it will take to restore a service to operation following a disruption. The organization must also think nigh the amount of data that it needs to restore as well. The recovery point objective, or RPO, is the maximum time from which data may be lost as the result of a disaster. Together, the RTO and RPO provide valuable information to disaster recovery planning.Before we explain more about the planning process we need to follow some strategies that will help us to make a proper planning process. The Disaster recovery strategies, ISO/IEC 27031, the global standard for IT disaster recovery, states, Strategies should define the approaches to follow out the required resilience so that the principles of incident prevention, detection, response, recovery and restoration are put in place. Strategies define what you plan to do when responding to an incident, while plans describe how you will do it.Once you have identified your critical systems, RTOs, RPOs, as shown in the table below, we can formulate the disaster recovery strategies that is suitable to protect them. minute systemsRTO/RPOThreatPrevention strategyResponse strategy convalescence strategyAccount payable4hrs/2hrsServer FailureSecure equipment room, backup innkeep er, UPSSwitch over to backup server, validate UPS runningFix/replace primary server. fall back to primary serverBuilding security2hrs/2hrsSecurity systems destroyed site systems in secure area, UPS, install protective enclosures around sensor unit.Deploy guards at strategic pointsObtain/install replacement units, sensorsWe have been able to condition strategy to planning process in this second table belowCritical systemsThreatResponse strategyResponse action stepsRecovery strategyRecovery action stepsAccount payableServer FailureSwitch over to backup server, validate UPS running imprecate server is down, verify data has been backed up and is safe, evidence backup server, start switchover to alternate server.Fix/replace primary server, fall back to primary server.verify cause of server outage, obtain new server, install new server, test new server, fail systems back to new server.Security systems destroyedDeploy guards at strategic pointsVerify security system is down, verify secur ity data has been backup and is safe, contact guard agencies to source on-site guards, define guard duties, apprise guards on duties, provide communications devices for guards.Obtain/install replacement units, sensorsverify cause of security system outage, contact supplier to get a replacement, test replacement system, test sensors, restart security systems.When developing your organisation Disaster recovery plans, we make sure to review the global standards ISO/IEC 24762 for disaster recovery and ISO/IEC 27035.This is a standard of requirements which deal with all aspects of information security within your organisation. This can vary from physical to intellectual to electronic security. You will establish what is critical to your business and how you therefore control and protect these aspects.http//www.computerweekly.com/feature/How-to-write-a-disaster-recovery-plan-and-define-disaster-recovery-strategieshttp//www.cqsltd.com/other-iso-certifications/iso-27001.aspx?gclid=CjwKEAjw 5M3GBRCTvpK4osqj4X4SJAABRJNC7bI7foCmSkHGTD9Zq4Q2Mu1emYpUEbahM7EaUDYv_RoCfXDw_wcBFrom a staffing perspectiveThis kernel that many employees will be working in temporary jobs that may be completely different from their normally assigned duties.Flexibility is key during a disaster response. Also, the organization should plan disaster responsibilities as much as possible in advance and provide employees with training that prepares them to do their part during disaster recovery.Communication is critical to disaster recovery efforts. Responders must have secure, reliable means to communicate with each other and with the organizations leadership.This communication includes the initial communication required to activate the disaster recovery process, even if the disaster occurs after normal business hours.It also includes regular status updates for both employees in the field and leadership andit should include ad hoc communications capabilities to meet tactical needs.

My New Life with Wickham Essay -- Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen

I nominate been living in London with Wickham for several months now, and, although none of my family would agree with this, I am glad that I ran away with him, he likes me very much and I care for him dearly. After each(prenominal), if I had asked for fathers per scation to go and live with Wickham, without being unite, surely he would commit said no without any hesitation. So I thought, if I wanted to be with Wickham, I had no choice but to run away with him. At the time, I thought, why not now? So I did. I love being here, in London, alone with my Wickham, sometimes I do smack quite lonely though, because Wickham goes out gambling at least every other day I would say. I am in the process of filet Wickham from gambling, he is so addicted. I try to tell him that he leave behind never get a better paying job if he keeps gambling, he will have too bad a reputation. He keeps saying that he will try and stop, but he always ends up departure off in the evening. He cannot control himself. It is terrible really. When he is out, and I am alone, I do think of my family, my sisters, mother and father, I do miss them all very very much. On the whole, I am relatively happy with my life though. One good thing is, even though I am the youngest of us 5 sisters, I am the first to be married So mother will be very proud of me. Now, I am the near important one, I will be put first. We have only been married for one month, but I love it. Wickham does not seem to view things any differently, he still treats me exactly the same, it is as if nothing has changed. One strange thing about our wedding was Mr. Darcy being at that place, most surprising. When Mr. Darcy came to us one evening, offering to organise our whole wedding and pay for it all, I was so shocked. It... ...zzy would ever marry. I am quite jealous that Lizzy will be living in the grand estate of Pemberly, and she will be ever so rich, that I am glad of. Because myself and Wickham are in debt and there is no hope of us ever having our own house, so hopefully we will be given help financially so we can have our own house. If we are very lucky, Darcy might help Wickham with some business of some kind. I do not see why they should keep all their money to themselves, that would be ever so selfish of them. I feel that I am the luckiest girl alive, I am married to the finest, most liberal man in the world. I imagine every woman must be envious of Wickham being at my side. I could not have married a finer man, and I could not have made my sisters more envious of me. Kitty and Mary do not have a knock of finding a man as good and kind as I have. Life could not be better.

Violence in Schools Essay -- School Violence Crime Safety Education Es

effect in schools is a problem that Americans have had to face at an ever increasing rate. Instead of fistfights, the issues are fatal, like school shootings. Violence is nationally defined as a physical force expenditured to injure, malign or destroy (Guralnik, D., 1997, P.1490). In the past decade, students are using more than physical force. They are using deadly weapons to injure or kill their peers and potentiality figures, and to destroy school property. Safety is considered to be the freedom from danger and injury damage (Guralnik, D., 1997, P.1181) in other words, freedom from violence. Schools must ensure students and parents that above commensurate measures -especially the three most successful- will be provided to make sure schools are safe.Violence has always been an issue among youths in the United States. Until recently, violence and aggression in American schools, in contrast to the more generic topic of youth violence, was not a focus of extensive scholarl y research (Gottesman, R., 1999, P.357). It is an utter curse that the violence occurring on the streets has slowly made its way into the classroom. The 1997-1998 school year served as a dramatic wake-up call that guns are accessible to teens and they will use them to kill. Prior to the 1990s the general public rarely discussed or were affected by school related violence. It seemed to be expected in certain part of the country-urban areas- but was never thought to reach to suburban and rural schools. Starting in late 1997, a chain reaction of appalling incidents spread from give in to state. Following each tragedy was increased media attention and public awareness to this growing issue. Endless images of weeping parents and children were seen on every news... ...fe Havens. Portland, Oregon Northwest regional Educational Laboratory, 46.Wallace, J., Fravil, K., and Behre, W., (1997). Social Work. School Social Workers and School Violence Personal Safety, Training, and Vi olence Programs, 43, (3), 223-231.Gaustad, J. (1994). The Fundamentals of School Security. How Can Attitudes and Behaviors Be Changed to Make Schools Safer?., 2, (132), 98-99.Simmson, B. (1994). School Violence to School Safety. School Psychology, 23, (2), 236-256. Sandell, A. (2000). Alex 2000. Retrieved April 24, 2003, from the World full Web http//www.juicycerebellum.com/debate2.htm.Dwyer, K., Osher, D., and Warger, C. (1998, August). Early warning, timely response A guide to safe schools. Washington, DC U.S. Department of Education. Retrieved April 29, from the World Wide Web http//cecp.air.org/guide/earlywarning.htm.